No abstract

In this study we investigated the inhibitory activity of different milk proteins on poliovirus infection in Vero cells. Proteins analyzed were mucin, alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin, and bovine and human lactoferrin. Viral cytopathic effect was not prevented by mucin, alpha-lactalbumin or beta-lactoglobulin, whereas the lactoferrins tested were able to inhibit the replication of poliovirus in a dose-dependent manner. Further experiments were carried out in which apo- and native lactoferrin or lactoferrin fully saturated with ferric, manganese or zinc ions were added to the cells during different phases of viral infection. Results obtained demonstrated that all lactoferrins were able to prevent viral replication when present during the entire cycle of poliovirus infection or during the viral adsorption step. Only zinc lactoferrin strongly inhibited viral infection when incubated with the cells after the viral attachment, being the inhibition directly correlated with the degree of zinc saturation. Our results demonstrated that all lactoferrins interfered with an early phase of poliovirus infection; zinc lactoferrin was the sole compound capable of inhibiting a phase of infection subsequent to virus internalization into the host cells.

Previous reports have indicated that lactoferrin inhibits herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection during the very early phases of the viral replicative cycle. In the present work we investigated the mechanism of the antiviral activity of lactoferrin in mutant glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-deficient cells. Bovine lactoferrin (BLf) was a strong inhibitor of HSV-1 infection in cells expressing either heparan sulfate (HS) or chondroitin sulfate (CS) or both, but was ineffective or less efficient in GAG-deficient cells or in cells treated with GAG-degrading enzymes. In contrast to wild-type HSV-1, virus mutants devoid of glycoprotein C (gC) were significantly less inhibited by lactoferrin in GAG-expressing cells, indicating that lactoferrin interfered with the binding of viral gC to cell surface HS and/or CS. Finally, we demonstrated that lactoferrin bound directly to both HS and CS isolated from surfaces of the studied cells, as well as to commercial preparations of GAG chains. The results support the hypothesis that the inhibition of HSV-1 infectivity by lactoferrin is dependent on its interaction with cell surface GAG chains of HS and CS.

Toxic effects were reported for pristine-multi-wall carbon nanotubes (p-MWCNTs) while the role of the functionalization on MWCNT-induced toxicity is not yet well defined. We evaluated on human alveolar (A549) epithelial cells and normal bronchial (BEAS-2B) cells exposed to p-MWCNTs, MWCNTs-OH and MWCNTs-COOH: uptake by TEM, cell viability by different assays, membrane damage by the LDH assay and cytokine release by ELISA. The aims of the present study were to: (i) confirm MWCNT cytotoxicity mechanisms hypothesized in our previous studies; (ii) identify the most reliable viability assay to screen MWCNT toxicity; and (iii) to test our model to clarify the role of functionalization on MWCNT-induced toxicity. In A549 cells, p-MWCNTs and MWCNTs-OH were localized free in the cytoplasm and inside vacuoles whereas MWCNTs-COOH were confined inside filled cytoplasmic vesicles. WST-1 and Trypan blue assays showed in A549 cells a similar slight viability reduction for all MWCNTs whereas in BEAS-2B cells WST1 showed a high viability reduction at the highest concentrations, particularly for MWCNTs-COOH. The MTT assay showed a false cytotoxicity as a result of MWCNTs-interference. Pristine and MWCNTs-COOH induced membrane damage, particularly in BEAS-2B cells. MWCNTs-COOH induced interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 release in A549 cells whereas p-MWCNTs induced IL-8 release in BEAS-2B cells. MWCNTs intracellular localization in A549 cells confirms the toxicity mechanisms previously hypothesized, with p-MWCNTs disrupting the membrane and vesicle-confined MWCNTs-COOH inducing inflammation. WST-1 was more reliable than MTT to test MWCNT-toxicity. BEAS-2B cells were more susceptible then A549 cells, particularly to MWCNT-COOH cytotoxicity. Our results confirm the toxicity of p-MWCNTs and demonstrate, also for the two kinds of tested functionalized MWCNTs toxic effects with a different mechanism of action.

No abstract