This manuscript reviewed the major research studies in the field and discussed several research findings on the chemical composition of essential oils, methods of oil extraction, and application of these oils in pharmaceutical and therapeutic fields. These essential oils can be used as anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, and as skin permeation enhancer agents.

The structure of NheA, a component of the Bacillus cereus Nhe tripartite toxin, has been solved at 2.05 Å resolution using selenomethionine multiple-wavelength anomalous dispersion (MAD). The structure shows it to have a fold that is similar to the Bacillus cereus Hbl-B and E. coli ClyA toxins, and it is therefore a member of the ClyA superfamily of α-helical pore forming toxins (α-PFTs), although its head domain is significantly enlarged compared with those of ClyA or Hbl-B. The hydrophobic β-hairpin structure that is a characteristic of these toxins is replaced by an amphipathic β-hairpin connected to the main structure via a β-latch that is reminiscent of a similar structure in the β-PFT Staphylococcus aureus α-hemolysin. Taken together these results suggest that, although it is a member of an archetypal α-PFT family of toxins, NheA may be capable of forming a β rather than an α pore.

COVID-19 outbreak is proving to be an unprecedented disaster that lays its dark shadow on global health, economics and personal freedom. SARS and MERS epidemics provide scientific data that is useful in better understanding and resolution of COVID 19. Similarities among SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 have been investigated in the light of available data. SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 evolved in bats and have positive-sense RNA genomes of 27.9 kb, 30.1 kb and 29.9 kb, respectively. Molecular and serological tools used for diagnosis of SARS and MERS patients resemble COVID-19 diagnostic tools. Stability and longevity data of SARS and MERS epidemics contribute in the current pandemic precaution policies. Trials to produce vaccines for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV failed, therefore the current review predict that trials for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine production if achieved, will be require more time not only for vaccine production but also to be available for patients, during this time antiviral agents, Convalescent plasma and monoclonal antibodies provide potential tratments for sever patients. The mortality rate caused by the SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV reached 15% and 37%, respectively. The first declarations about mortality rate of SARS-CoV-2 was around 2–4% but now this rate differs globally and reached more than 13% in some countries. A realistic COVID-19 outbreak scenario suggest that the pandemic might last for three years with fluctuation in the number of infected cases, unless a vaccine or antiviral drug is to be discovered.

The study underpins barcode characterization of insect species collected from Saudi Arabia and explored functional constraints during evolution at the DNA and protein levels to expect the possible mechanisms of protein evolution in insects. Codon structure designated AT-biased insect barcode of the cytochrome C oxidase I (COI). In addition, the predicted 3D structure of COI protein indicated tyrosine in close proximity with the heme ligand, depicted substitution to phenylalanine in two Hymenopteran species. This change resulted in the loss of chemical bonding with the heme ligand. The estimated nucleotide substitution matrices in insect COI barcode generally showed a higher probability of transversion compared with the transition. Computations of codon-by-codon nonsynonymous substitutions in Hymenopteran and Hemipteran species indicated that almost half of the codons are under positive evolution. Nevertheless, codons of COI barcode of Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera are mostly under purifying selection. The results reinforce that codons in helices 2, 5 and 6 and those in loops 2–3 and 5–6 are mostly conserved and approach strong purifying selection. The overall results argue the possible evolutionary position of Hymenopteran species among those of other insects.

Egyptian traditional cheese has a long history and still represent an important part of the Egyptian diet. A lot of scientific studies in probiotic topic is usually related to bacteria, in particular lactic acid bacteria, and there is lack of information about potentially probiotic yeasts, except Saccharomyces boulardii . In the current study, 50 samples of traditional Egyptian buffalo sweetened cheese randomly were collected from five local Egyptian markets for yeast isolation. Isolated yeast species were identified using API20 kits techniques and the most frequently isolates were genotypically confirmed identified using the variability in the ITS rDNA. Appropriate in vitro assays have been conducted to examine their probiotic potentiality counting acid and bile salts tolerance, stimulated gastrointestinal tract tolerance, cell adhesion/hydrophobic characteristics, killer toxin productivity and antimicrobial activity against some clinical and food borne pathogens. The incidence of the obtained yeast taxa was found to be; S. cerevisiae (25%), Wickerhamomyces anomalus (23%) , Pichia kudriavzevii (19%), Kluyveromyces lactis (17%), Geotrichum candidum (6%), Debaryomyces hansenii (4%), Candida tropicalis (3%), Cryptococcus neoformans (1%), Rhodotorula glabrata (1%) and Trichosporon cutaneum (1%). The most frequently isolates ( S. cerevisiae , W. anomalus and P. kudriavzevii ) exhibited high tolerance to bile salts elevated concentrations up to 2.0 %. W. anomalus could withstand the elevated bile salts concentrations and it was the most tolerable yeast isolate to intestinal juice environment. W. anomalus showed the lowest eradication from intestinal mucosa as indicated by the hydrophobicity average percentage 11.891% to xylene comparing to the P. kudriavzevii which showed the highest hydrophobicity average percentage of 46.185% to chloroform. Yeast isolates S. cerevisiae , W. anomalus and P. kudriavzevii (particularly W. anomalus ) were recognized as ideal potentially probiotic model having in vitro properties that make them favorable candidates for probiotic applications.