Jak wynika z aktualnych danych empirycznych, sytuację pacjenta cierpiącego na nowotwór mogą dodatkowo utrudniać współwystępujące zaburzenia poznawcze pojawiające się wskutek leczenia onkologicznego; zaburzenia te określa się jako chemobrain. Rezultaty badań są bardzo zróżnicowane -zarówno w zakresie powszechności zaburzeń poznawczych, ich nasilenia czy czasu trwania, jak i w zakresie czynników determinujących lub modyfikujących objawy dotyczące procesów poznawczych. Do mechanizmów bezpośrednio wpływających na wystąpienie zaburzeń poznawczych zalicza się czynniki neurotoksyczne, stres oksydacyjny, uszkodzenie DNA, zmiany hormonalne, dysregulację immunologiczną, zmiany naczyniowe ośrodkowego układu nerwowego, predyspozycje genetyczne. Pośrednio na powstawanie zaburzeń oddziałują natomiast mutacje genetyczne, cytokiny prozapalne, zespoły paranowotworowe, rodzaj leczenia, polimorfizm genetyczny, reaktywność immunologiczna, dieta, poziom hormonów i wcześniejsze zasoby poznawcze chorego. Celem artykułu jest analiza wyników badań wyjaśniających zróżnicowane skutki poznawcze leczenia onkologicznego, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem dysregulacji poziomu cytokin -mającej, jak się wydaje, istotny udział w patogenezie objawów chemobrain. Omówiono także kilka podejść terapeutycznych wspomagających codzienne funkcjonowanie poznawcze pacjentów onkologicznych: trening MAAT (Memory and Attention Adaptation Training), metodę CBMEM (Cognitive-Behavioral Model of Everyday Memory), ćwiczenia C-Car and Strategy Training, metodę redukcji stresu MSBR (Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction) i polski system RehaCom. Wszystkie wymienione propozycje mają na celu usprawnianie wybranych funkcji, takich jak uwaga albo pamięć, wzrost samoświadomości deficytów i poprawę samokontroli.
Introduction: The incidence rate of cancers emphasizes the necessity to investigate not only patients' somatic ailments but also their psychosocial functioning as well as the need to raise the quality standards of cancer patients. The improvement of the quality of life is one of the major challenges of psycho-oncology, which is the science created in the interface of two disciplines: psychology and medicine.One of the important aspects of psycho-oncologists' activity is the minimization of negative side-effects related to treatment, such as changes in patients' cognitive functioning resulting from anti-cancer treatment.Objective: The aim of this work is to provide the reader with the knowledge concerning the phenomenon of chemobrain in a very special group of patients with hemato-oncologic tumour. Few researches related to this topic have confirmed the occurrence of cognitive deficits resulting from the cancer process, taken cytotoxic drugs, other forms of anti-cancer therapy and the activeness of biochemical compounds in patients with multiple myeloma.Methods: The author has done a literary review concerning the topic under study using the Google Scholar and EBSCO databases. The main part of this work consists of references to Polish and English research literature published after 2000. The review includes also classic works from the eighties and nineties of the 20th century.Results: The present work has been divided into several sections. The part devoted to explanation of the term chemobrain describes the evolution of its definition over the years. The second section -'Heterogeneity of the phenomenon -causes' -underlines the influence of biochemical etiological factors, such as the impact of the activity of proinflammatory cytokines on the cognitive state of the patients suffering from tumour. Next part -'Chemobrain and multiple myeloma' is devoted to the clinical characteristics of this cancer and to the descriptions of the selected methods of chemotherapy. The review of researches concerning the deteriorated cognitive functioning of patients with multiple myeloma in relation to the probable aetiology of this disease has been also presented.Conclusions: The review of Polish and English literature concerning the functioning of memory and attention processes in the patients suffering from multiple myeloma can serve as an inspiration for a search for objective biochemical factors conditioning the deterioration of cognitive processes of the patients undergoing anti-cancer treatment.
The Polish archaeological project excavating at the Nubian sites of Banganarti and Selib concentrated on uncovering domestic architecture: the northeastern and southwestern districts at medieval Christian Banganarti and selected houses of Meroitic date at Selib 2. The conservation and restoration program put the finishing touches on the Raphaelion church in Banganarti and did substantial work on the remains of the earlier churches. The oldest church from Selib 1 was investigated and dated to the 6th–7th century based on a study of a well stratified ceramic assemblage. Pottery from the northern and southern refuse dumps ranged in date from the 9th to the 12th/13th century. A group of liturgical vessels, containing mostly small juglets and chalices, was distinguished in this assemblage. Exploration of the earlier Northern Building revealed pottery
contemporaneous with the earliest phase of the church on site. Anthropological research was carried out on skeletal remains from the medieval cemeteries of Selib 1 and from individual graves at Banganarti. The results of ceramic studies and of the anthropological examination are reported in separate appendices to the main report.
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