Optical coherence tomography is a non-invasive and repeatable imaging method of posterior segment of the eye used in medical practice. Hyperreflective dots visible in OCT scans have been reported in various retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, retinal vein occlusion and central serous chorioretinopathy. In the future, HRDs may become a useful biomarker in making treatment decision and monitoring ocular conditions among the patients with mentioned diseases.

The methods of imaging posterior segment of the eye are still improving. Conventional colour fundus imaging, fluorescein angiography (FA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) have become routine in clinical practice to examine retinal diseases. This review presents the results of using adaptive optics (AO) to assess microvascular changes and cone parameters in retinal and systemic diseases. In the future, adaptive optics technology might be used as a non-invasive method in clinical practice not only in retinal diseases but also in diabetology and hypertensiology.

BackgroundVasculopathy of blood vessels are, apart from immunological disorders, an important.common pathogenetic link of dangerous organ complications in systemic sclerosis (SSc).Endothelial damage is one of the mechanisms leading to disorders of vascular hemostasis, platelet activation, thrombosis causing coagulopathy and microangiopathy.Nailfold capillaroscopy (NC) is a non-invasive diagnostic tool for the detection and monitoring patients with SSc and current methods of the assessment of microcirculation and capillary structure within the nail folds.Although vascular pathologies can occur in other organs including the organ of vision. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT A) is a noninvasive imaging method of microvasculature of the retina and choroid providing the assessment of retinal perfusion.Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the correlation between the optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) parameters and capillaroscopic results.ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to evaluate the correlation between the optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) parameters and capillaroscopic results.Methods31 patients (pts) with SSc diagnosed were included to the study. Mean age of the patients was 35,1 (8,3). Capillaroscopy was performed. The modified Rodnan Skin Score (mRSS) examination was taken by one assessor at the time of the study. There were measured HRCT, proBNP. echocardiography. Finger ulcers were observed in physical examination. OCTA scans were collected from 31 patients. 61 eyes were included to the study to assess changes in retinal microcirculation. Foveal avascular zone (FAZ) in superficial plexus and deep plexus, parafoveal mean superficial vessel density and parafoveal mean deep vessel density were correlated to NF findings and other parameters used in rheumatic examination.All the statistical procedures were performed by using STATGRAPHICS Centurion, version 19.4 (Statgraphics Technologies, Inc., The Plains, Virginia, USA).ResultsIn our study group 74 % has diffuse Scc, 26% has limited SSc. InNC: 5 pts has early pattern, 12 has active pattern,9 pts has late pattern. Only one person has pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and 8 pts have active finger ulcers.Interstitial lung disease was observed in 12 pts. (67% has non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) and 33% usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP)). Elevated proBNP were detect in 17,8%The parafoveal mean superficial vessel density correlated positively and statistically significantly with mRSS (p=0,0460). Patients with early scleroderma pattern in capillaroscopy showed larger superficial FAZ (0,4± 0,07 mm2) than pts with active (0,24 ± 0,09 mm2)and late (0,22 ±0,09 mm2). There was correlation between deep FAZ area and scleroderma pattern showing larger FAZ in pts with active (0,46±0,14 mm2) than pts with active (0,2 ±0,12 mm2) and late (0,17±0,13 mm2). Statistically significant difference was found between interstitial lung disease NSIP and UIP in correlation with deep FAZ area. Pts with NSIP had larger FAZ (0,32 ±0,14 mm2) than UIP pts (0,17 ±0,12 mm2). Moreover, NSIP pts had higher parafoveal mean superficial vessel density (42,21% ±1,69) than UIP (39,89 ±1,23). NSIP pts had also higher mean parafoveal deep vessel density (43,58 ±1,5 %) than UIP pts (41,72 ±1,55 %).ConclusionIn conclusion, our findings indicate ocular vascular abnormalities in patient with SSc. The results show the important role of OCTA in diagnosis, monitoring and prognosis of microvascular changes in SSc. Moreover, NF correlate with FAZ.Reference[1]Rommel F, Prangel D, Prasuhn M, Grisanti S, Ranjbar M. Correlation of retinal and choroidal microvascular impairment in systemic sclerosis. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2021 Jan 13;16(1):27. doi: 10.1186/s13023-020-01649-5Figure 1.OCTA image of foveal avascular zone area in the right eye of the patient with systemic sclerosis.Acknowledgements:NIL.Disclosure of InterestsNone Declared.

Ocular decompression retinopathy (ODR) is characterized by multiple retinal hemorrhages. It is a rare complication associated with rapid decrease of intraocular pressure (IOP). The course of ODR is usually asymptomatic and self-limiting, which was confirmed by the observation of our patient. In this study, we present a 5-month follow up of a 77-year-old woman with acute right eye (RE) filtration angle closure who developed symptoms of ODR. Clinical examination and multimodal imaging modalities, including color fundus photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT angiography (OCTA) and fluorescein angiography (FA), were used to confirm the diagnosis and performed regularly in monitoring the course of the disease. Fundus lesions in the RE included diffuse intraretinal hemorrhages in the posterior pole, which gradually resolved during follow-up time. The fundus of the left eye (LE) was normal. The patient underwent conservative therapy, laser therapy and surgery, achieving stabilization of the IOP and improvement of the local condition in the RE. Of the various multimodal imaging techniques, color fundus photography and OCT seemed to be the most specific and helpful in monitoring the patient with ODR.