The current study was aimed to investigate neurotoxic impact of imidacloprid in rats and the potential modulatory role of Zingiber officinale Roscoe aqueous extract against such effects. Sixty male albino rats were randomly assigned into six groups (n = 10) as following: G1 is (-ve) control group (0.1 ml of distilled water for 90 days). G2 is (+ve) control group (1ml of aqueous extract of ginger (GAE) for 90 days). G3 group was administered with 0.1 ml of Imidacloprid (IMI) for 90 days. G4 group was administered with 1 ml of GAE for 2 weeks followed by administration of 0.1 ml of IMI/rat for 90 days. G5 group was administered with 0.1 ml of IMI for 90 days then 1ml of GAE for 2 weeks and the last group administered 0.1 ml of IMI and 1ml of GAE simultaneously for 90 days (G6) oral dosing of IMI and ginger aqueous extract was triple weekly. IMI exposure caused significant decrease in gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) level, significant increase in sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), significant depletion in glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) was not affected by IMI exposure. IMI exposure upregulates toll like receptor 2 (TLR2) gene in the brain, intense immuno positive reactivity of TLR2 in the brain of IMI-treated group. Histopathologically, significant alterations in the brain were observed, such as neuronal degeneration, hemorrhages, necrosis, demyelination and gliosis. In conclusion, IMI neurotoxic effect could be modulated by the use of ginger aqueous extract.

The current study was conducted for evaluation of the hepatotoxic effect of Imidacloprid (IMI) in rats and to assess the modulatory role of Zingiber officinale Roscoe, ginger aqueous extract (GAE), against such effect. Sixty mature male rats (Rattus norvegicus) were utilized and divided into six groups (10 each); group 1 was negative control received 0.1 ml of distilled water, group 2 was positive control which received 1ml of GAE, group 3 administered with 0.1 ml of IMI, group 4:administered 1ml of GAE for 2 weeks followed by administration of 0.1ml of IMI (served as protected group), group 5 administered with 0.1 ml of IMI then 1ml of GAE for 2 weeks (served as treated group) and the last group simultaneously administered with 0.1ml of IMI and 1ml of GAE (served as combination group). Oral dosing of IMI and GAE was triple weekly (day after day) and the experimental period was three months for all groups. IMI exposure caused significant increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST) levels, significant decrease in total proteins, albumin and globulins in serum, IMI upregulates interleukin 6 (IL 6), tumor necrosis factorα (TNF-α) and toll like receptor 2 (TLR2) genes in the liver of rats associated with intense immuno positive reactivity of TLR2 and TNF α in the liver of IMI-treated group. Histopathological examination revealed significant alterations in the liver tissue of IMI-treated group, such as disorganization of hepatic cords replaced by mononuclear cells which surrounded by lymphocytes and mild congestion of blood vessels was also seen. In conclusion, the IMI hepatotoxic effect could be modulated by the use of GAE.

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