The potential antioxidant property of Moringa oleifera (MO) has been the recent focus of an increased number of studies. However few studies investigated its antioxidative ability against sodium fluoride-induced redox balance breakdown in Oreochromis niloticus. Thus, this study evaluates the effects of MO against the oxidative stress induced by sub-chronic exposure to sodium fluoride (NaF). A total of 264 fish (40 ± 3 g BW) were used to calculate the 96 hr-LC50 of NaF and perform the sub-chronic exposure study. 96 hr-LC50 of NaF was calculated as (61 mg/L). The 1/10 dose of the calculated 96 hr-LC50 (6.1 mg/L) was used to complete the sub chronic exposure for eight weeks. Fish were divided into four groups (n = 51; three replicates each); control, non-treated group; NaF group (exposed to NaF 6.1 mg/L); MO group (treated with 1% MO of diet); and NaF+MO (exposed to NaF 6.1 mg/L and treated with 1% MO of diet). The results revealed that the sub-chronic exposure to NaF (6.1 mg/L) was substantially increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and decrease the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reduced (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in the gills, liver, kidney, and muscle tissue in a time-dependent manner. In addition, a significant reduction in mRNA expression of GST in the liver was reported following NaF exposure. On the contrary, dietary supplementation of MO to NaF-exposed fish resulted in a significant reduction in MDA levels, and a significant elevation of SOD, CAT, GSH, GPx, and TAC activities in a time-dependent manner, in addition to significant elevation of GST mRNA expression in liver tissue. It could be concluded that a 1% MO (w/w) ration is a promising antioxidant plant that may successfully use to interfere with the oxidation processes induced by NaF in various tissues of Oreochromis niloticus.

Fish are relatively sensitive to changes in their surrounding environment, including increasing pollution. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of contamination with the pendimethalin-based herbicide; Stomp(®) 50% EC (50% pendimethalin as emulsive concentrate) on adults of the monosex Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L. A total of 260 fish with body weights of 90 ± 5.0 g were used in the determination of the 96-h LC50 value and of the impacts of acute exposure to pendimethalin on physiological parameters, and oxidative stress and antioxidant biomarkers. The 96-h median lethal concentration (96-h LC50 ) value of pendimethalin for monosex Nile tilapia was determined as 4.92 mg/L. Abnormal behavioral responses of the fish and the toxic symptoms of pendimethalin exposure are described. Acute exposure to pendimethalin induced leukocytosis, hyperglobulinemia, and hyperglycemia, but resulted in nonsignificant changes in other hemato-biochemical parameters. Moreover, pendimethalin increased lipid peroxidation (LPO) and decreased levels of reduced glutathione and antioxidant enzymes; superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase in both liver and gill tissues, in a time-dependent manner, with maximum alterations observed in the gills rather than the liver. We conclude that although pendimethalin is moderately toxic, it does not cause hepatorenal toxicity. However, this herbicide pollutant induces major disturbances to the antioxidant system; induction of oxidative stress and LPO is the proposed toxicodynamic pathway for such stress.

The current study aimed at assessing the recuperative roles of dietary Spirulina platensis on the antioxidation capacity of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to sodium sulphate for eight weeks. In brief, fish were allocated into four groups with three triplicates per group, where a group fed on a commercial basal diet served as control, a group was intoxicated with sodium sulphate (SS) 5.8 mg/L, another group was fed a diet supplemented with 1% S. platensis (SP), and the last group was fed 1% SP and concomitantly intoxicated with 5.8 mg/L sodium sulphate (SP/SS). Tissue antioxidative indices of each fish were measured as follows: glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in muscles, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in gills, and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in the liver and kidney. Moreover, the expression of hepatic SOD, GSH-Px, and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) genes was also determined. It was found that tissue CAT, SOD, and GSH-Px activities as well as the T-AOC levels were significantly decreased in the SS group (p < 0.05). Moreover, there was a significant downregulation of hepatic SOD, GSH-Px, and GST genes in SS-exposed fish (p < 0.05). Interestingly, simultaneous dietary supplementation with SP provided a marked attenuation of the tissue antioxidative parameters when compared with the SS and control groups. To conclude, the present study exemplifies that dietary SP supplementation could be a beneficial abrogation of SS-induced tissue oxidative stress in the exposed fish.

The objective of this study was to investigate the use of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in rations of barki sheep and its effects on nutrient digestibility and milk production in lactating crossbred Friesian cows. Four total mixed rations (TMR) were formulated to contain 0, 10, 20 and 30% of corn DDGS. Digestibility trails were carried out using 3 meal barki sheep for each diet. Results showed that the animals fed TMR3 with 20% CDDGS recorded significant increase in digestibility of DM, OM and CP (69.69%, 72.97% and 70.89% respectively) compared to other ratios. The nutritive value as DCP increased significantly (P<0.05) with 20% DDGS total mixed ration. Rumen fermentation parameters were determined using 3 cannulated female barki sheep. The pH values increased, however total volatile fatty acid and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration decreased significantly (P<0.05) with supplement TMR2 andTMR4 (10 and 30% DDGS). While animal fed TMR1and TMR3 showed highest (P<0.05) of total volatile fatty acid. Values of the effective degradability (ED) of dry matter (DM) at assumed ruminal passage rate of (0.039h-0.043-1) ranged from 43.67 to 46.45%, and exhibited significant decreased (P<0.05) with adding 10, 20, 30%DDGS respectively than control diet. The effective degradable crude protein (EDCP) and ruminal undegradable protein (RUP) ranged from 56.93to48.13% and from 43.07to51.86% respectively for DDGS containing ratios and control ration. A Lactation trial using 16 lactating dairy cows showed significant increase in milk yield and composition (FCM4%-fat) for the 20% DDGS containing rations compared with other diets.

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