In order to quantify the energy efficiency of a wireless network, the power consumption of the entire system needs to be captured. In this paper, the necessary extensions with respect to existing performance evaluation frameworks are discussed. The most important addendums of the proposed energy efficiency evaluation framework (E 3 F) are a sophisticated power model for various base station (BS) types, as well as large-scale long-term traffic models. The BS power model maps the RF output power radiated at the antenna elements to the total supply power of a BS site.The proposed traffic model emulates the spatial distribution of the traffic demands over large geographical regions, including urban and rural areas, as well as temporal variations between peak and off-peak hours. Finally, the E 3 F is applied to quantify the energy efficiency of the downlink of a 3GPP LTE radio access network. Index TermsEnergy efficiency, green radio, power & traffic model, system level energy efficiency simulations, energy aware radio and network technologies (EARTH)

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Evasion of apoptosis is considered to be one of the hallmarks of human cancers. This cell death modality is executed by caspases and several upstream regulatory factors, which direct their proteolytic activity, have been defined as either tumor suppressors or oncogenes. Often these regulatory factors, in addition to being potent apoptosis inducers, function in cell survival or repair signaling pathways in response to cellular stress. Thus, loss of function in a distinct regulatory mechanism does not necessarily mean that tumor formation is due to apoptosis malfunction resulting from insufficient caspase activation. Although each caspase has been assigned a distinct role in apoptosis, some redundancy with respect to their regulatory functions and substrate recognition is evident. Jointly, these proteases could be considered to possess solid tumor suppressor function, but what is the evidence that deregulation of specific caspases per se induces inappropriate cell survival, leading to enhanced tumorigenic potential? This question will be addressed in this review, which covers basic molecular mechanisms derived from in vitro analyses and emphasizes new insights that have emerged from in vivo and clinical studies. In organisms, excess cells during development, as well as potentially harmful cells resulting from pathophysiological conditions, are eliminated by various cell death modalities. Among them, apoptosis is the most investigated, and almost 40 years ago, it was described as a major defense strategy that prevents cells from acquiring tumorigenic potential. 1 This suicide mechanism is controlled by multiple and interrelated pathways ensuring that caspases, the proteolytic initiators and executioners of apoptosis, are triggered only in cells requiring termination. There is overwhelming experimental evidence supporting the idea that disturbances in the regulation of caspase activation are central for the avoidance of cancer cell death, both in vitro and in vivo. However, what evidences suggest that caspases per se act as tumor suppressors? It was reported that cells do not necessarily undergo caspaseindependent cell death in the absence of active caspases, but may instead survive insult and even promote clonogenic tumor growth. 2 Yet, it was unclear which individual caspases could fulfill this function. Recently, certain initiator caspases have been suggested as putative tumor suppressor genes. 3,4 This review is focusing on caspases and their role in tumor suppression, and emphasizing new evidences that have emerged from in vivo observations and clinical material, taking into consideration supporting in vitro data that has enlightened basic molecular mechanisms. CaspasesClassification of human caspases is based either on their function, the size of their pro-domain or cleavage specificity.Considering the first criteria, caspase-1, -4 and -5 belong to the group I (inflammatory) caspases that are involved in cytokine maturation. These proteases are primarily associated with the innate immunity against pathogens an...

The global mobile communication industry is growing rapidly. Today there are already more than 4 billion mobile phone subscribers worldwide [1], more than half the entire population of the planet. Obviously, this growth is accompanied by an increased energy consumption of mobile networks. Global warming and heightened concerns for the environment of the planet require a special focus on the energy efficiency of these systems [2]. The EARTH 1 project [3] is a concerted effort to achieve this goal and as part of its objectives, a holistic framework is developed to evaluate and compare the energy efficiency of several design approaches of wireless cellular communication networks.For the quantification of energy savings in wireless networks, the power consumption of the entire system needs to be captured and an appropriate energy efficiency evaluation framework (E 3 F) is to be defined. The EARTH E 3 F presented in Section 1.2 provides the key levers to facilitate the assessment of the overall energy efficiency of cellular networks over a whole country. The E 3 F primarily builds on well-established methodology for radio network performance evaluation developed in 3GPP; the most important addendums, introduced in Sections 1.3 and 1.4, are to add a sophisticated power model of the base stations 1 EU funded research project EARTH (Energy Aware Radio and neTwork tecHnologies), FP7-

Abstract-In order to quantify the energy savings in wireless networks, the power consumption of the entire system needs to be captured and an appropriate energy efficiency evaluation framework must be defined. In this paper, the necessary enhancements over existing performance evaluation frameworks are discussed, such that the energy efficiency of the entire network comprising component, node and network level contributions can be quantified. The most important addendums over existing frameworks include a sophisticated power model for various base station (BS) types, which maps the RF output power radiated at the antenna elements to the total supply power of a BS site. We also consider an approach to quantify the energy efficiency of large geographical areas by using the existing small scale deployment models along with long term traffic models. Finally, the proposed evaluation framework is applied to quantify the energy efficiency of the downlink of a 3GPP LTE radio access network.Index Terms-energy efficiency, green radio, power & traffic model, system level energy efficiency simulations, energy aware radio and network technologies (EARTH)