Background: Local anesthetics act by different mechanisms to produce their effects in control acute and chronic pain. Methods: A total of 22 patients (14 female, 8 male) who need tooth apisectomy under infiltration local anesthesia were examined in two situations: Before and after administration of local anesthesia. For all patients salivary sample has been collected by salivette to estimate the level of opiorphin using ELISA Kits, the pain was assessed after administration of local anesthesia using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Results: the results showed a significant differences of salivary opiorphin before and after administration of local anesthesia (5.96+5.38) ng/ml and (14.49±3.66) ng/ml respectively with p<0.05, the results also showed that the pain assessment by VAS was (0.831±0.4587) with inverse correlation between the VAS and salivary opiorphin levels but with no significant difference (p>0.05). Conclusions: local anesthetics (xylocaine 2%+adrenalin 1:80,000) used in apisectomy by infiltration technique produce a significant effects on salivary opiorphin (p<0.05) which may suggest a possible effects of local anesthetic on enkephalin pathway and the possibility of using this parameter for measurements of local anesthetic effects.

To study the effect of stress and fear on blood pressure that are imposed on student before attending examination in particular final year examination at the College of Dentistry. Subjects and Methods: Arterial blood pressure (indirect method) was measured for 99 dental student (21 + 0.6 years) before 30 minutes of final examination on a particular subject and immediately after examination. Result: The data reflected a significant increase in systolic blood pressure before passing the final examination, whereas there was no significant increase in the diastolic blood pressure in all students. Conclusions: Stress produces a significant elevation in blood pressure that can be controlled by systemic defense mechanisms naturally present.

This study was designed to diagnose and treat patients having gagging reflex whom need prosthetic treatment; patients in this study were wearing denture or received new one; those attending Prosthodontic Department/ College of Dentistry/ University of Mosul. The sample of this study was 243 patients consisting of 167 males and 76 females and their ages ranged between 22-79 years old. All of them had either single upper, partial or complete denture excluding from this study all patients who did not have denture before, because this study directed toward prosthetic patients only. A sample, which consists of 243 patients, was divided into two main groups according to their response to gag reflex. The first one represented the control group which consisted of 200 patients, those did not have gagging reflex problem while the second group which represented those patients who they suffer from gagging problem when they are wearing or during denture insertion and consisted of 43 patients: Each one of them subdivided furthermore into subgroups according to patient's medical health status and sex. The second group (gagging patient) subdivided furthermore into 3 subgroups according to severity of gag reflex in which according to that, treatment plan had been made and it consisted of psychological treatment only for patients with mild and moderate gagging and medical and psychological treatment for patients with severe gagging reflex which include metoclopromide and valium 2. The result of this study demonstrated that those patients with severe gagging reflex problem reflect difficulties during prosthetic treatment which required medical and psychological treatment, which include reassurance of patient with explanation of steps of prosthetic treatment plan to reduce fear and anxiety before any prosthesis construction and the response of those patients to medical treatment was approximately 58.3% to this treatment and it was concluded that any type of prosthetic treatment in patients with gagging reflex required medical and psychological treatment plan.

Aims: To measure candidal biofilm activity using pH changes of stomastat, to evaluate the effect of different types of curcumine solution on Candida albicans biofilm that attached on acrylic resin denture base material (A.R.D.B.M.) and the correlation of initial number of yeasts inoculated with the pH value of stomastat after 24 hours incubation period. Materials and Methods: In general, the number of acrylic resin samples that had been used in this study was 20 samples. Curcumine solution had been dissolved in three different solvents, those were ethanol, viscous (glycerine), and sterile distilled water, while cholrhexidine (CHX) alone used as a control negative and distilled water used as a control positive. The diameter of inhibition zone for the different curcumine solution had been measured and compared with control (-ve, and +ve); the biofilm activity of Candida albicans on A.R.D.B.M. was measured by a new method using pH change of stomastat. Results: Demonstrated that the ability of curcumine solution to decrease fungal biofilm activity on A.R.D.B.M varied depending upon the type of solvent in which the solution had been dissolved, and ethanolic solution (50%) was the most effective in reducing biofilm activity of C. albicans on A.R.D.B.M. when compared with CHX solution which is the most commercially used solution as denture cleanser. Conclusion: The ethanolic solution of Curcumine can be used in prosthetic dentistry as a new denture cleansing agent.

Aspirin are commonly used analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-pyretic drug in medicine, oral route is the most common one for drug administration as a result it will produce different adverse effects like peptic ulcer, nephropathy, and thrombocytopenia even with low and continuous therapeutic dose, so the alternative topical route is preferable with minimal adverse effects and effective concentration. Therefore, in the present study was to investigate whether the antinociceptive property of aspirin would enhance if used aspirin as nanoparticles after preparing it in several forms (gel, cream and ointment). Thirty-two healthy male mice weighing 30-35 gm. were used in the present study. The animals were divided as a randomized design. Each mouse was treated topically. All drug concentration of aspirin was prepared using gel, cream and ointment as vehicle and topically application on fore and hind paw of experimental animals. Pain was induced by application of hot plate for assessment of latency of pain stimulus. Time from placement to jumping or hind paw licking was recorded as latency of response. The result showed that the median effective concentration (EC50) for analgesic effect of aspirin (gel, cream, and ointment) were 0.848, 0.958 and 1.00% respectively while these EC50s were decrease when used nanoparticles aspirin (gel, cream and ointment) to 0.72, 0.657, and 0.701% respectively. In conclusion, topical applied of aspirin will produce effective therapeutic antinociceptive effects in mice although gel preparation produce a better response followed by cream, then ointment due to pharmacokinetic properties. Also nanoparticle preparation will produce superior response in all forms, whether Nano aspirin is prepared in gel form, cream or ointment.