Nimbolide is an active constituent of Azadirachta indica and is known for its anti‐inflammatory, anti‐oxidant, immune‐modulatory, and anti‐cancer effects. Few studies suggest that nimbolide treatment influences the responses to rheumatoid arthritis, but the underlying molecular mechanisms involved are not yet well established. Therefore, the present study was designed to determine the effect of nimbolide on expression regulation of toll‐like receptors to attenuate rheumatoid arthritis. The rheumatoid arthritis model was established by injecting complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) intra‐dermally into the sub‐plantar region of the left hind paw of rats. Nimbolide (20 mg/kg) and piroxicam (10 mg/kg) were given to arthritic rats. Rats treated with nimbolide showed a significant reduction in inflammatory cells, rheumatoid factor, ESR, and improved the body weight. The results indicated that nimbolide possesses the capacity to attenuate rheumatoid arthritis by downregulating toll‐like receptors, IL‐17, IL‐23, HSP70, and IFN‐γ expression levels. Nimbolide treatment showed significant reduction in the severity of inflammation and destruction of joints and showed comparable effects to piroxicam, which is a standard non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It can be concluded that nimbolide can be considered as a potential candidate for therapeutic targeting of the toll‐like receptors pathway in rheumatoid arthritis.

Back ground: Gender differences among TB patients are notable; however studies evaluating the impact of the gender on treatment outcomes have reported inconsistent results Aims and objective: The aim of current study is to observe the gender differences among TB patients and to evaluate the relation between TB patient gender and treatment outcome. Method: A retrospective cohort study of all patients suffering from pulmonary and extra pulmonary TB patients, patients co-infected with HIV, hepatitis, and diabetes mellitus were included for current study that were treated at Khyber teaching hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan. On the basis of our study objective patients were categorised on gender basis and association with their demographics and clinical characteristics was observed. Treatment outcomes were evaluated on basis of smear testing at the end of treatment and the results were compared with TB patients' gender Result: A total of 472 TB patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria, which included 238 (50.4%) male and 234 (49.6%) female patients. Two hundred and twenty eight (48.3%) male patients and 230 (48.7%) female patients were new TB cases whereas 224 (47.4%) male and 216 (45.6%) female patient TB type was pulmonary. TB patient age group, employment status and smoking status had a statistical significant association with gender (p 0.002, p 0.02, p < 0.001 respectively). The strongest predictor that affected TB patient gender was age group >55 years (OR 0.45, p 0.001). Of 472 TB patients, 152 (32.2%) male patients and 136 (28.8%) female patient treatment outcome was unsuccessful whereas 86 (18.2%) male and 98 (20.7%) female patient treatment outcomes were successful. There was no statistical relation observed among treatment outcome and gender Conclusion: The ratio of male to female TB patients in current study was almost same. Comparatively, the treatment failure rate was high in male as compared to female TB patients.