Gunshot wounds to external genitalia are rare either in war field and civilian setting accounting for 2%-4% of all injuries with often a lesion to the urinary tract. We report a case of external genital injury in a 27 years old man, accidentally injured by his own arm when he pressed the trigger of his gun placed in his pants. He had no past medical or surgical history, he presented to the emergency room (ER) with hemorrhagic scrotal and penile injuries with adjacent urethral tissue damage. He underwent a scrotal flap urethroplasty, and realignment of the corpus cavernosa and the tunica albugina. The patient lost his Foley catheter at post-operative day 3 and subsequently developed a urethral stenosis. Gunshot wounds to external genitalia are rare. A good reconstruction is necessary to avoid an impact on sexual and voiding function.

Background. Globally, approximately 20% of malignancy are caused by infection. Schistosoma infection is a major cause of bladder in most part of Africa. In 2018 alone, there were approximately 549,393 new cases and 199,922 deaths from bladder cancer. The presence of Schistosoma ova in the venous plexus of the bladder induces a cascade of inflammation causing significant tissue damage and granulomatous changes. Methodology. A literature review was conducted from 1995 to 2019 using PubMed, Google Scholar, African Journal Online, and Google databases. Relevant data on the association of “Schistosomiasis and Bladder cancer” in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) were retrieved. Evidence Synthesis. Results from research using animal models to establish the carcinogenesis of Schistosoma and bladder cancer have been helpful but inconclusive. Immunoregulatory cytokines and genetic marker have been identified to play a role in the pathogenesis. In some parts of sub-Saharan Africa, there has been close association of squamous cell carcinoma and histological evidence of Schistosoma ova. Conclusion. There are some data to support the association between schistosomiasis and bladder cancer in sub-Saharan Africa. However, these have been limited by their design and may not sufficiently establish carcinogenesis. There is a need for more genomic and molecular research to better characterize S. haematobium and its effects on the bladder. Such goal will contribute immensely to Schistosoma bladder cancer prevention and control.

Aim: This study aimed at describing the various aspects of complications of circumcision and their management in patients referred to N'Djamena Mother & Child Hospital (Chad). Material and Methods: All patients referred for complications of circumcision reported on a 3-year period (July 2011-May 2014) were included. Demographic data, circumstances of the circumcision, clinical presentation and management were computed. Results: Thirty-one cases of complications from traditionally performed circumcisions (n = 19) or circumcisions were performed by paramedics (n = 12). The average age was 7.5 ± 2 years. More than 60% of the patients were between 6 and 10 years old. The complications reported included: urethral fistula in the balano preputial sulcus in 10 cases (32%), entire amputation of the glans in 2 cases (6.5%), amputation of the penis in one case (3.5%), stenosis of the urethral meatus in 8 cases (26%), bleeding in 5 cases (16%) and infections in 5 cases (16%). A surgical treatment was performed according to clinical cases. Conclusion: Circumcision is safe when performed in hospitals. Unfortunately, serious complications may occur if it is performed by non-experts. Hence there is a necessity to raise people's awareness on the importance of the medicalization of circumcision.

Purpose: To conduct a study of epidemiological, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of urethral strictures at Yalgado Ouedraogo University Teaching Hospital. Patients and methods: It was about a retrospective and descriptive study conducted in the urology division of Yalgado Ouedraogo Hospital from October 1 st 2009 to September 30 th 2014. All the patients, included in this study, had a urethral stricture confirmed by the voiding retrograde cystourethrogram (VCUG) or during surgical intervention with useful surgical report and medical file. Results: During the period of study, 127 complete medical records were found. The hospital prevalence was 10.1%. The average age of the patients was 50.5 (from 3 to 80 years). 55.6% of the patients were from rural areas. Dysuria and urinary retention were the major causes of consultation with respectively 66.7% and 33.3%. The aetiology of urethral stricture was infectious in 71.4% of the cases. The VCUG permitted to objectify the characteristics of the stenosis. The urethral stenoses were single in the majority of the cases, about 88.8% of cases. The bulbar urethral stricture was the major location. Escherichia coli was isolated in 77.7% of the urinary infections. The majority of patients (61.9%) had undergone open surgery including 39.7% end to end anastomosis. No endoscopic treatment was recorded. Conclusion: The urethral stenosis is frequent in our division. Its major aetiology is infectious. The treatment is dominated by open surgery in our context.

Goals: The goals are to assess the use of Double Jendo-prostheses in urinary obstructions in the Hospital General de Grand Yoff of Dakar (HOGGY). Patients and methods: This is a 4-year retrospective study (1 st January 2009-31 st December 2012). The study included all patients with obstruction of the upper urinary tract, and with a reversing type Double Jendo-prostheses. Findings: A total of 82 patients were chosen for this study, including 41 males. Patient's average age was 45 years. Kidney failure accounted for 11.5% of the causes of consultations. Lithiasic obstacles (34.2%) and tumours (21.5%) were the most recurrent. Catheter was successfully placed in 78% of cases, and highly contributed to improve renal function in 69% of cases. The frequently complications found in patients with Double J Catheters were back pain and urinary tract infections. Four cases of catheters calcifications were reported. Catheter was replaced in 62.2% of patients within an average period of 6.9 months. Conclusion: Double J Catheters remain important in the preservation of renal function in case of obstruction. Its use requires a mastery of these indications and a rigorous follow-up.