Purpose:To increase understanding about the damaging effects of light rays on eyesight. To investigate frequency of people affected from light rays electronic devices. Study design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Riphah International University Lahore and duration of study was six months from June 2020 to December 2020. Materials & Methods: A six months cross sectional study with convenient sampling method was conducted at Riphah international university Lahore from June 2020 to December 2020. The age of the individuals was between 18 years-25 years. Individuals who fulfill the inclusion criteria were chosen from University. A proforma was filled regarding detailed history of use of electronic devices other visual problems associated with it. Results: In present study 200 students were participated who has been using electronic devices. In this 100 students were male and 100 were females. 60% were emmetropic, 27.5% were myopic, 5.5% were hyperopia and 7.0% were astigmatic. 40% individuals were using smartphones from 11 years-13 years, 20.5% using from 8 years-11 years and 25% using from 4 years-7 years. The purpose of using these electronic devices in 96 individuals was using smartphone only for social networking. Most of them (130) participants were using smartphone and laptops. Usage of these electronic devices for more than 4 hours-6 hours was observed in 60 members. Among these individuals most of them were using these electronic devices by lying on the bed and some were also using in cervical flexion position. Conclusion:The over all research identified the smartphone/any electronic devices used so longer had bad effect on vision most particularly myopia occurred. This research suggests that constant and extreme utilization of smartphone and other electronic devices should be avoided.

Purpose:  To compare the results of LASIK versus Trans Epithelial Photorefractive Keratectomy (T-PRK) in correcting astigmatic refractive error. Study Design:  Quasi experimental study. Place and Duration of Study:  Lahore Medicare Hospital from January to October 2018. Methods:  One hundred and twenty six eyes of 63 patients, age 18 to 35 years, either gender, presenting with astigmatism were enrolled in this study. Myopes with spherical equivalent (SE) ? -13.0 diopter sphere (DS), hyperopes with SE ? +5.0 DS and astigmatism ? 1.5 D with visual acuity better or equal to 0.3 LogMAR were included. Astigmatic eyes with < 1.5D and with any other ocular pathology were excluded. Refractive status was assessed by Canon Autorefractor and Heine Retinoscope. Average reading of both methods was taken. Patients were divided into two groups (31: LASIK; 32: trans-PRK) by spin of a coin method. Refractive surgery was done in both groups. Data was analyzed by SPSS 20. Normality of quantitative data was checked by Shapiro Wilk test. Mann Whitney-U test was used for non-parametric data. P-value ? 0.05 was taken as significant. Results:  Mean age of the patients was 25.83 ± 3.09 years. The difference in residual sphere, amount of cylinder, axis of cylinder and CCT (central corneal thickness) after surgery in two groups was insignificant. P values were as follows; for sphere p = 0.85, amount of cylinder p = 0.22, axis of cylinder P = 0.46 and CCT p = 0.07. Conclusion:  Both techniques are equally good in correcting astigmatism (p = 0.22). LASIK or T?PRK can be done alternatively in patients with astigmatism. Key Words:  LASIK, Trans epithelial PRK, Astigmatism.