India has witnessed tremendous industrialization in the last five decades. This has led to migration of masses from rural areas towards cities for jobs and businesses. With increase in the population, the demand for residences has also increased which has escalated growth of slum areas and haphazard planning in suburbs. City of Ahmedabad is one such urban metropolis in the state of Gujarat, India. Being the financial capital of Gujarat, population of the city has increased many folds since 1980s. Congested and unsustainable planning and increasing in the emissions from industries and vehicles in certain areas of the city have given birth to many climatic issues. One of these major problems is the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomena. This has increased the temperature by four to five degrees and has also severely affected air quality. Satellite based Remote sensing data can provide temperature information of various land use classes. Remote Sensing data along with in-situ surface measurements can help to identify urban heat island intensities and hotspots in the cities. A study on heat island characterization and isotherm mapping was taken up in Ahmedabad City. In the present study, Surface Heat Island (SHI) effect is studied using satellite data along with field measurements. Thermal infrared data from Landsat ETM band-6 have been effectively used for monitoring temperature differences of various land use classes in urban areas. The study aims to identify and study the urban hot spots using the data from LANDSAT-5 and field data collected using IR Gun in various zones of Ahmedabad City. The results of this study * Corresponding author. R. Joshi et al. 275 indicated that the surface temperature near industrial areas and dense urban areas was higher as compared to other suburban areas in the Ahmedabad City.

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One of the major barriers to the sustainable growth of India is the energy crisis. Despite of continuous efforts and investment of Government in the energy sector, in 2011, 300 million of Indian population was deprived of electricity. The segment of population which has access to electricity faces the problem of intermittent and unreliable power supply. This is because India faces transmission losses of more than 32% (in 2010) as compared to global average of 15% because of inefficient transmission network and location of power generation sites at very far distances from the end use sites. Also, the rapidly growing building sector is responsible for at least 30-40% of energy usage and this demand is growing annually at 11-12%, which is almost twice global average of 5-6%.These are serious matters of concern for India and calls for a viable solution [1].One of the most promising solutions to this situation is energy efficient buildings (EEBs) with grid-connected on-site energy generation using renewable energy sources i.e. Decentralized energy generation (DE). Various building components suit as power generation sites through more than one renewable energy sources. With buildings growing in India at very high rate, and India being rich in renewable energy sources, this is the most viable option for mitigating energy crisis.The environmental, social and economic benefits of EEBs with grid connected DE include but are not limited to reduction in carbon emission around 30-40% which is caused due the present coal-based energy generation system, economical since the cost of setting up grid connected DE will clearly be less than setting up high-voltage transmission networks. Also, due to grid connected DE, the surplus energy producers will receive Feed-in tariff which can in turn decrease the pay-back period and also will not isolate them from grid supply. It will develop a feeling of unconventionality and social responsibility in the community and will lead to an attitude change towards energy usage thus reducing carbon footprints. It will be a revolution for people deprived of basic energy services.The presented work identifies barriers to the proposed model in India. It reviews EEB standards followed in different countries, administrative policies and reforms implemented, financial mechanisms, incentives and feed-in tariff offered and the technical and environmental consequences of the model. As an outcome of the study, the paper proposes a way forward to successfully implement EEB grid connected DE in India.

Lockshin. 2021. "Chapter 3: Electricity Demand Projections." In The Los Angeles 100% Renewable Energy Study, edited by Jaquelin Cochran and Paul Denholm. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-6A20-79444-3. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy21osti/79444-3.pdf.