Considering that the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) successfully brings forth intensive cooperation and prompts great intimacy among its members, many states perceive SCO as a promising regional organization for bridging their interests and shouldering their burden. Consequently, participation within SCO has expanded with the arrival of several new members and participants. Having in mind that its notoriety grown by leaps and bounds, can SCO increase its capability and competence as a regional organization by becoming a supranational one? Can SCO input supranationalism norms and values into its mechanism? This study argues that it is futile for us to expect that SCO possesses supranational capacity. The argument derives from the fact that SCO is the agent designed to safeguard its member’s sovereignty, and it consists of stubborn hegemonic power with bold nationalism. This study generated the aforementioned assessment by addressing the idea of supranationalism and implementing qualitative research and library research method.

European Union (EU) is an economically advanced, politically reliable, socially progressive, and regionally integrated community, making the so-called 'the role model of world's regionalism' seem adorable in Turkey's lens. Having the opportunity to wave its flag in Brussels has been Turkey's foreign policy since 1987. Turkey's modus operandi to make the EU opening its door are enormous in scale. Yet, it does not mean that Turkey would quickly receive a lukewarm response from the EU. This paper lays down some theoretical arguments based on post-colonialism to discover why the EU has given a persistent rejection and derogation towards Turkey. As this paper stands in a post-colonialism stance, the Euro-centrism sense, which is embedded in the EU's way of thought, serves as the reason why intentional rejection is intensively addressed towards Turkey. This paper contains several features. After delivering a short introduction, there will be a modest explanation in picturing the used-theoretical framework. The discussion section stands upon three main questions; why does the EU treat Turkey differently from Greece? Is Turkey capable of fulfilling Copenhagen criteria? Does the EU tend to act in a discriminative manner to Turkey?

<p><em>International order is now witnessing the declining efficacy and extremely fragile condition of multilateralism. Several states start to doubt and leave international treaties, agreements, organizations, and institutions. This circumstance led into the speculation of “Multilateralism Collapse". Yet, there is only a small number of International Relations scholars who attempt to detect the general pattern that indicate the fundamental reason of relevant states to withdraw from multilateralism manifestation. Hence, this study is a preliminary attempt to fill the gap by providing a concrete explanation on the reason why the multilateralism is failing. This paper argues that the growing cynicism among the relation of international actors is served to be the reason of multilateralism free fall. There are two types of cynicism which this paper has discovered, the cynicism as a trigger and cynicism as a statement. Cynicism as a trigger tracked whereby the relevant state’s withdrawal from the multilateralism manifestation is merely caused by a sense of distrust. On the other hand, cynicism as a statement is the expression of relevant states to justify its withdrawal action and distract world’s attention from its hidden interest. Since this study requires a specific and deep interpretation on sets of event and data, the utilization of qualitative method was considered effective. This study applied two theoretical frameworks, namely cynicism and multilateralism.</em></p>

A prolonged debate arises whether bilateralism or multilateralism is the most effective path to achieve mutual consensus among parties in the South China Sea dispute. This study identifies bilateral approach negativity to settle such a complex and overlapping dispute existed in that area grounded by two considerations. First, bilateralism is a non-transparent scheme of bargaining process. Due to bilateral implementation only conducted by two states, the more powerful actor will escape from the scrutiny of others, thus making it possesses the opportunity to put forward discriminatory bid and robust sphere to suppress other party’s stance. The bilateral approach would result in a non-consensus agreement for less powerful parties. Second, the conflictual area draws the involvement of more than three sovereign parties with overlapping claims. Multilateralism, negotiation framework for multi-parties, is the most, perhaps the only, promising path to ease the existing tension numerous parties into the stage of consensus. Moreover, multilateralism may present positive norms – transparency and non-unilateralism – that could guide the involving parties to create consensus. The analysis of this paper obtained from utilization of qualitative data, library research methods, and by the comprehension of three conceptual frameworks, bilateralism, multilateralism, and consensus.

Covid-19 merits a scientific examination from cosmopolitanism, a widely acknowledged, global-nuanced thought. During the pandemic, strong stances of nationalism and xenophobia have been taken, leaving little room for global cooperation in countering the virus, and recognition of human rights has ebbed. Since this reality is opposed to its ideational and normative essence, cosmopolitanism offers its criticisms and proposals. By diving into a cosmopolitan way of thinking, this study criticises the rise of 'health nationalism' in state policies as well as the xenophobia manifested through the blaming of people of Asian—particularly Chinese—heritage for the viral outbreak. Regarding its proposals, cosmopolitanism offers two suggestions: 1) international society must opt to endorse global integration through multilateralism, and 2.) countries should avoid exclusionary health programmes and commit to solidarity-based countermeasures. The underlying arguments of this study are backed by the application of library research and qualitative methods.