This article presents the first results of a statistical analysis of the ownership links between the major European and American defence contractors. This approach, centred on the shareholders and subsidiaries of these companies, enables us to explore the depth of the national links (company and country of origin) and the density of the ownership cooperation that exists within Europe, as well as with the rest of the world, particularly the United States. Information about defence contractors’ ownership links is difficult to obtain and precautions must be taken in the interpretation of the results. In terms of defence contractor shareholders, it would appear first that the national link is strong for Sweden, Spain and France, less so for Germany and Italy, and particularly weak for the United Kingdom. Next, in European terms the links are concentrated on Airbus, MBDA and KNDS and are little developed in other companies. Finally, we observe asymmetrical links with the USA and a significant presence of American investment funds.
Les guerres interétatiques directes sont devenues particulièrement contraignantes et la stratégie consistant à financer des groupes rebelles localisés dans les pays rivaux présente de nombreux avantages. En exploitant les ressources dont ils disposent, les États rentiers peuvent financer des activités d’insurrections dans les pays rivaux. Dans cet article, on démontre empiriquement que pour un pays donné, les rentes de ressources naturelles dont disposent ses rivaux ont un effet significatif et positif sur sa probabilité de connaître une guerre civile. Ce résultat est stable lorsque nous contrôlons uniquement pour les rentes tirées des exportations de pétrole.
Certains conflits ne se traduisent pas nécessairement par des affrontements armés soutenus par des confrontations d’intérêts économiques divergents. Lorsque le coût devient excessif, certaines parties considèrent que le retrait offre plus de bénéfices au final. Les Guerres de la morue entre l’Islande et le Royaume-Uni en sont un exemple.
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