Objective: The main objective of this research is to make and evaluate the formulation of a griseofulvin microemulsion gel for topical use to increase the solubility and safety of the drug. Methods:The optimized microemulsion formula contains 5% oleic acid as the oil phase, 25% Tween 80 as the surfactant, and 20% ethanol (96%) as the cosurfactant.Results: Organoleptic observations of the microemulsion showed that it had a clear and transparent yellowish color, while the microemulsion gel had a hazy yellowish color. Both the microemulsion and the microemulsion gel had the smell of alcohol. The size of the globules in the microemulsion and the microemulsion gel was 158.0 nm and 226.0, respectively. Conclusions:The griseofulvin microemulsion gel was stable at 4°C±2°C, 25°C±2°C, and 40°C±2°C.

Objective: This study aimed to formulate tea tree oil into a nanoemulsion gel dosage form and evaluate its physical stability and antibacterial activity.Methods: Nanoemulsion gels were formulated with various concentrations of tea tree oil, namely, 5%, 7%, and 9%, using Tween-80 as a surfactant and propylene glycol as a cosurfactant. The tea tree oil nanoemulsion gels showed a stable physical appearance over 8 weeks of storage at low temperature (4±2°C) and room temperature (25±2°C), cycling test, and centrifugation test. Results:The best formula was nanoemulsion gel formulation 1 (F1), which contained 5% tea tree oil, due to its good stability, smaller globule size, and greater viscosity. The results for antibacterial activity, determined by in vitro study, showed that the tea tree oil nanoemulsion gels exhibited antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes through the formation of an inhibition zone. Conclusion:Higher concentrations of tea tree oil in nanoemulsion gels (5%, 7%, and 9%) showed greater mean inhibition zones (28.33±0.88 mm, 30.33±0.33 mm, and 31.67±0.33 mm, respectively).

Objective: Centella asiatica (Pegagan) contains asiaticoside for treatment of striae patients by increasing the synthesis of collagen. Asiaticoside has a large hydrophilic molecule (959.12 g/mol), causing difficulty in penetration through the skin. Nanoemulsion has small droplet size so that the active substance can be delivered into the skin layer. This study aims to formulate and test the stability of nanoemulsion lotion containing pegagan extract. Methods: Nanoemulsion containing pegagan extract formulated in the form of lotion using High Pressure Homogenizer. Nanoemulsion lotion were then evaluated and tested for penetration in vitro. Result: The mean particle size of nanoemulsion was 19.88 ± 2.3 nm and nanoemulsion in lotion was 198.4 ± 11.52 nm; polydispersity index value 0.329 ± 0.065, and zeta potensial was-30.9 mV. Nanoemulsion lotion was stable against storage for 8 weeks at cold, room, and high temperature (4 ± 2°C, 28 ± 2°C, 40 ± 2°C). There were no change in physical properties and pH value of the nanoemultion lotion. The cumulative amount of the penetrated asiaticoside was 1558.65 ± 66.93 μg/cm 2 for nanoemulsion lotion and 1260.364 ± 71.42 μg/cm 2 for lotion only. Flux of nanoemulsion lotions and lotion were 2.1255 ± 0.31 μg/cm 2 /hr and 1.4506 ± 0.49 μg/cm 2 /hr, respectively. Conclusion: It can be concluded that nanoemulsion lotion stable in physical properties during storage and can penetrate more than the non nanoemulsion lotion.

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N-Methyl-3, 4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA), or ecstasy is a recreational drug of abuse. It is a synthetic substance that affects the body's systems, which its mechanism of action and treatment should be more investigated. MDMA provides an immediate enjoyable feeling by stimulating the release of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and serotonin in the brain. Unfortunately, abnormal regulation of the brain neurotransmitters, as well as the increased oxidative stress causes damage to the brain neurons after the MDMA exposure. Only a few studies have been done regarding its treatment. Thus, the treatment of MDMA complications should be further explored mainly by targeting its mechanism of action in the neurotransmitter systems. Hence, this study presents a short review regarding the recent findings on the role of neurotransmitters to cause MDMA neurotoxicity. The results will be useful for future research in elucidating the potential treatment based on the targeted mechanisms to treat the neurotoxic effects of MDMA.