The optimisation of plant nitrogen-use-efficiency (NUE) has a direct impact on increasing crop production by optimising use of nitrogen fertiliser. Moreover, it protects environment from negative effects of nitrate leaching and nitrous oxide production. Accordingly, nitrogen (N) management in agriculture systems has been major focus of many researchers. Improvement of NUE can be achieved through several methods including more accurate measurement of foliar N contents of crops during different growth phases. There are two types of methods to diagnose foliar N status: destructive and non-destructive. Destructive methods are expensive and timeconsuming as they require tissue sampling and subsequent laboratory analysis. Thus, many farmers find destructive methods to be less attractive. Non-destructive methods are rapid and less expensive but are usually less accurate. Accordingly, improving the accuracy of non-destructive N estimations has become a common goal of many researchers, and various methods varying in

This study examines the teaching of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) for Young Children at Pocut Baren Kindergarten Padang Tiji in the District of Pidie by analyzing learning activities, from the perspectives of curriculum and teaching materials as well as planning and the evaluation system. We utilize a descriptive-analytic approach to field research and look at a variety of literature relevant to teaching religion to young children as a theoretical foundation for our research.The review of school document, field observations, and interviews with the head of the kindergarten and teachers are an integral part of our analytical approach. Our study finds that the teachers of this kindergarten understand the curriculum and have proficiently designed the study plans even though their implementation are at times isolated from the already-designed daily and weekly sketches (SKH and SKM).Furthermore, the evaluation of Islamic religious education in this school is conducted daily and semi-annually (every semester) and the results of both tests indicate the overall progress and achievement of pupils. All of this illustrates that the implementation of Islamic religious education at Pocut Baren Kindergarten Padang Tiji has proceeded adequately for the purpose of achieving educational objectives stated in the curriculum. Yet, it still needs the principal’s and teachers’ further innovation and creativity, so that the teaching and learning processes become richer and are in accordance with the development of scientific progress and the dynamics of the new era.

A simple rolling system was investigated and setting in the bottom of fertilizing unit to utilize the recommended amount of fertilizer adding to the seeds during/after planting. So that it can be used individually, to perform the fertilizing operation after planting, or combined with the drilling machine. The judging on the performances of fertilizer feeding unit with rolling system is identified under four different forward speeds (FS) of 2.5; 3.7; 5.0 and 8.5 km/h and different operating ratio between fertilizer unit landing wheel and rotating shaft of fertilizer rolling system (OR) under gate area (GA) of 15cm2. The granulated fertilizer (Potassium nitrate and Urea) were used in the experiment to assess the performance of the investigated rolling system on fertilizer application rate (kg/fedd.).The results of the study were compared statistically to obtain the most suitable treatments to the addition of activating doses of fertilizers during planting and growing crop service. The experimental results indicated thatthe recommended amount 12.0 kg/feddpotassium nitrate for the investigated rolling unit may be defined under forward speed of 5.0 k m/h and a Operating ratio of "1.0 to 2.0". On the other hand, at recommended amount 30.0 kg/fedd or 33.0 kg/fedd potassium nitrate for the investigated fertilizer system may be conformed under forward speed of 3.7 km/h and with a operating ratio of "1.0 to 4.1" or "1.0 to 4.8" respectively.

The random errors of differential Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are statistically identifiable by an uncertainty component for each coordinate axis at each observed station. Literature reflects a noticeable correlation between stations’ geo-location and the uncertainty components. In this study, the multi-temporal correlation between uncertainty components in easting and northing was confirmed with moderate correlation coefficients of R2=0.68 and 0.59 respectively. However, a low R2 of 0.38 was obtained for the elevation component. Quantified uncertainties were mapped using first-order polynomial, quadratic polynomial, and kriging. The first-order polynomial revealed a slightly higher residual level than the quadratic polynomial. However, they both performed correspondingly for the validation points, whereas Kriging showed a clear case of an over-fitting. Therefore, the first-order polynomial was considered as a suitable scheme. Geo-statistical analysis of Easting and Northing components showed that the uncertainty is not uniform over the study area. It also showed that although the uncertainty is not purely continuous, it has a significant continuity. A geo-location based uncertainty map layers were produced based on the geo-statistical analysis result. The map concluded two layers represent the resultant, and the resultant orientation. Results represent an example of the possibilities to produce meaningful maps of uncertainties.