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The aim of this study was to determine the amount of major mineral compounds and heavy metals of camel milk in Iran. For this purpose camel milk samples were collected from seven regions of Iran include Qazvin, Golestan, Semnan, Sistan-Baluchestan, Khuzestan, Bushehr and Tehran. The samples were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES) method. The results showed that among the mineral contents, iron and zinc of camel milk were greater than bovine milk. Based on the codex standard 193-2007 standards, the maximum acceptable limit for lead and cadmium is 20 µg/kg and 10 µg/kg, respectively. The results of this study showed that the measured amounts of lead, cadmium and nickel in all samples were less than the acceptable limit for bovine milk. Bovine milk and dairy products are a poor source of iron, while the obtained data revealed that camel milk is a major source of minerals, especially iron. The camel milk's iron was 10 times more than bovine milk. However, variations in mineral content in camel milk could be due to feed, stage of lactation, milk collection time, drought conditions, environmental conditions and associated analytical methods. Camel milk recommended as a valuable source of food for the human.Keywords: camel milk; mineral element; heavy metal; Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP).Practical Application: This study allows knowing the amount of some mineral content and heavy metals of camel milk in Iran.

Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by different species of fungi of the genus Penicillium and Aspergillus, found in several species of fruit, and significant in apples. The purpose of this investigation is to the theoretical study of food contamination mechanisms by patulin and hazard of patulin for health. Various methods of determination of patulin and the possibility of reducing its level in apple-based products were analyzed. To reduce and remove patulin, several methods have been proposed that include post-harvest patulin control in products, pre-treatment control, and control by using physical and chemical methods, post-processing control such as packaging and using methods such as activated carbon or lactic acid bacteria. The standards and comparing the amount of patulin with them can be an important help in controlling this substance throughout the production processing of safe food.

Purpose: The purpose of this investigation is to theoretical study of food contamination mechanisms by melamine and hazard of melamine for health. This purpose is justified as follows. A high percentage of nitrogen has caused the abuse of this chemical, because this amount of nitrogen brings about the properties of decomposition of protein molecules into this material, as a result of the increase in melamine in foods. The primary issues discussed are related to o introduce melamine and its sources to the potential of exposure to melamine and to address the risks of this hazardous material and enhance the safety of food products. Design/methodology/approach: The investigation was carried out using analytical analysis. Melamine accumulates in the body of humans and has different effects. The presence of melamine at a very low level is also dangerous for children, and the food safety incidents that occurred in 2008 were due to the presence of melamine in children's infant formula in China, has raised concerns about food security around the world. Findings: As a result analytical research we have this conclusion. Melamine is a chemical compound that is widely used in industry and especially in the production of packaging materials. Reducing the risk to human health can be achieved through the combined use of three factors: using proper control programs to prevent melamine from getting into food, preventing the migration of melamine in food and using no melamine detergents. Research limitations/implications: The investigation was carried out on the basis of open sources of information on the chemical properties of melamine, its presence in household and other materials and its ability to interact with organic media. Practical implications: The results of this study can be recommended to the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Industry for the development of control programs to prevent melamine from getting into food. Originality/value: The main problem of food pollution by melamine is that this substance is contained in most packaging materials. And a study of the mechanisms the migration of melamine in food and a generalization of the results on the methods for determining melamine in food will help solve the problem of unhealthy food.

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