Background: Out of 3 billion base pairs in human genome only ~2% code for proteins; and out of 180,000 transcripts in human cells, about 20,000 code for protein, remaining 160,000 are non-coding transcripts. Most of these transcripts are more than 200 base pairs and constitute a group of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA). Many of the lncRNA have its own promoter, and are well conserved in mammals. Accumulating evidence indicates that lncRNAs act as molecular switches in cellular differentiation, movement, apoptosis, and in the reprogramming of cell states by altering gene expression patterns. However, the role of this important group of molecules in angiogenesis is not well understood. Angiogenesis is a complex process and depends on precise regulation of gene expression. Conclusion:Dysregulation of transcription during this process may lead to several diseases including various cancers. As angiogenesis is an important process in cancer pathogenesis and treatment, lncRNA may be playing an important role in angiogenesis. In support of this, lncRNA microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma (MVIH) has been shown to activate angiogenesis. Furthermore, lncRNA-Meg3-knockout mouse showed increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor pathway genes and increased cortical microvessel density. Overall, there is strong evidence that lncRNA is an important class of regulatory molecule, and a number of studies have demonstrated that these can be targeted to change cellular physiology and functions. In this review, we have attempted to summarize these studies and elucidate the potential of this novel regulatory molecule as a therapeutic target.

BACKGROUND Diagnostic imaging is one of the most revolutionary innovations in the medical world. It has revolutionized how physicians and patients view health and diseases. However, the dearth of radiologists to read these images has been an impending problem worldwide. Digitization of medical images in standard Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format and the seamless integration of imaging modalities through the Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) has enabled easy acquisition and transfer of images across networks for viewing, enabling the teleradiology platform for reporting by radiologists from anywhere. CARE was one of the first to adopt this technology through a public private partnership model with district hospital, Mahabubnagar in 2001. Over the last 18 years, we are connected to district hospitals, private centres across India, small sized hospitals and also to some international diagnostic centres in Nigeria and Iraq. This paper highlights our experiences in Teleradiology across district hospitals, private centres and international centres and also showcases the turnaround time for reporting routine and emergency cases through this mode of technology. METHODS All imaging modalities namely computed radiography (CR), computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that were used are DICOM compliant. These machines were seamlessly integrated and configured adhering to the DICOM protocol to push images through DICOM gateway service to receive images according to set predefined standards. The PACS server had MS SQL database to host all the patient demographics along with history for each case and all images were archived based on a file system architecture. Virtual assistants help radiologists by transcribing the report online, after which another team scrutinizes for quality assurance of the reports transcribed before finally signing off the report. RESULTS Teleradiology network was established with 3 district hospitals (Mahabubnagar, Tandur and Nalgonda), 9 private centres (Balaji

The lack of correlation between the scores on PROMs and the PROFEX scores shows that the scores on the PROMs do not reflect the sense of fulfilment of the patients with the outcomes. Instruments that directly measure fulfilment of expectations are necessary to gain insight into the requirements of the patients.

There are a few signs in radiology which are based on many common objects or patterns that we come across in our routine lives. The objective behind the association between such common objects and the corresponding pathologies is to make the reader understand and remember the disease process. These signs do not necessarily indicate a particular disease, but are usually suggestive of a group of similar pathologies which will facilitate in the narrowing down of the differential diagnosis. These signs can be seen in different imaging modalities like plain radiograph and computed tomography. In this essay, we describe 24 classical radiological signs used in chest imaging, which would be extremely helpful in routine clinical practice not only for radiologists but also for chest physicians and cardiothoracic surgeons.

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