Purpose Herein, we present a pilot study concerning the use of fluorodeoxy glucose conjugated magnetite nanoparticles as a potential agent in magnetic nanoparticle mediated neuroblastoma cancer cell hyperthermia. This approach makes use of the ‘Warburg effect’, utilising the fact that cancer cells have a higher metabolic rate than normal cells. Materials and methods FDG-mNP were synthesized, then applied to the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cancer cell line and exposed to an AC magnetic field. 3D Calorimetry was performed on the FDG-mNP compound. Simulations were performed using SEMCAD X software using Thelonious, (an anatomically correct male child model) in order to understand more about the end requirements with respect to cancer cell destruction. Results We investigated FDG-mNP mediated neuroblastoma cytotoxicity in conjunction with AC magnetic field exposure. Results are presented for 3D FDG-mNP SARmnp (10.86 ± 0.99 W/g of particles) using a therapeutic dose of 0.83 mg/mL. Human model simulations suggest that 43 W/kg SARTheo would be required to obtain 42 °C within the centre of a liver tumour (Tumour size, bounding box x=64, y=61, z=65 [mm]), and that the temperature distribution is inhomogeneous within the tumour. Conclusion Our study suggests that this approach could potentially be used to increase the temperature within cells that would result in cancer cell death due to hyperthermia. Further development of this research will also involve using whole tumours removed from living organisms in conjunction with magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography.

Marine pollution is a significant issue in recent decades, with the increase in industries and their waste harming the environment and ecosystems. Notably, the rise in shellfish industries contributes to tons of shellfish waste composed of up to 58% chitin. Chitin, the second most ample polymer next to cellulose, is insoluble and resistant to degradation. It requires chemical-based treatment or enzymatic hydrolysis to cleave the chitin polymers. the chemical-based treatment can lead to environmental pollution, so to solve this problem, enzymatic hydrolysis is the best option. Moreover, the resulting biopolymer by-products can be used to boost the fish immune system and also as drug delivery agents. Many marine microbial strains have chitinase producing ability. Nevertheless, we still lack an economical and highly stable chitinase enzyme for use in the industrial sector. So we isolate a novel marine bacterial strain Achromobacter xylosoxidans from the shrimp waste disposal site using chitin minimal medium. Placket-Burman and central composite design statistical models for culture condition optimisation predicted a 464.2 U/ml of chitinase production. The culture conditions were optimised for maximum chitinase production recording up to 467 U/ml. This chitinase from the A. xylosoxidans was 100% active at an optimum temperature of 45 °C (withstand up to 55 °C) and pH 8 with 80% stability. The HPLC analysis of chitinase degraded shellfish waste reveals a major amino acid profile composition-arginine, lysine, aspartic acid, alanine, threonine and low levels of isoleucine and

Copepods are the dominant members of the zooplankton community and the most abundant form of life. It is imperative to obtain insights into the copepod-associated bacteriobiomes (CAB) in order to identify specific bacterial taxa associated within a copepod, and to understand how they vary between different copepods. Analysing the potential genes within the CAB may reveal their intrinsic role in biogeochemical cycles. For this, machine-learning models and PICRUSt2 analysis were deployed to analyse 16S rDNA gene sequences (approximately 16 million reads) of CAB belonging to five different copepod genera viz., Acartia spp., Calanus spp., Centropages sp., Pleuromamma spp., and Temora spp.. Overall, we predict 50 sub-OTUs (s-OTUs) (gradient boosting classifiers) to be important in five copepod genera. Among these, 15 s-OTUs were predicted to be important in Calanus spp. and 20 s-OTUs as important in Pleuromamma spp.. Four bacterial s-OTUs Acinetobacter johnsonii, Phaeobacter, Vibrio shilonii and Piscirickettsiaceae were identified as important s-OTUs in Calanus spp., and the s-OTUs Marinobacter, Alteromonas, Desulfovibrio, Limnobacter, Sphingomonas, Methyloversatilis, Enhydrobacter and Coriobacteriaceae were predicted as important s-OTUs in Pleuromamma spp., for the first time. Our meta-analysis revealed that the CAB of Pleuromamma spp. had a high proportion of potential genes responsible for methanogenesis and nitrogen fixation, whereas the CAB of Temora spp. had a high proportion of potential genes involved in assimilatory sulphate reduction, and cyanocobalamin synthesis. The CAB of Pleuromamma spp. and Temora spp. have potential genes accountable for iron transport.

The manipulation of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) using an external magnetic field, has been successfully demonstrated in various biomedical applications. Some have utilised this non-invasive external stimulus and there is an potential to build on this platform. The focus of this study is to understand the manipulation of MNPs by a time-varying static magnetic field and how, at different frequencies and displacement, this can alter cellular function. Here we explore, using numerical modeling, the physical mechanism which underlies this process, and we discuss potential improvements for its use in biomedical applications. From our data and other related studies, we infer that such phenomenon largely depends on the magnetic field gradient, magnetic susceptibility and size of the MNPs, magnet array oscillating frequency, viscosity of the medium surrounding MNPs, and distance between the magnetic field source and MNPs. Additionally, we demonstrate cytotoxicity in neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells in vitro induced by MNPs exposed to a magnetic field gradient and oscillating at various frequencies and displacement amplitudes. Even though this technique reliably produces MNP endocytosis and/or cytotoxicity, a better understanding is required to develop this system for precision manipulation of MNPs, ex vivo.