Abstract:We hypothesized whether systemic administration of high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid (HMW HA) could rescue trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signal. C3H/HeN mice and C3H/HeJ mice were used. Mice were divided into four groups: control, 50% ethanol treatment group, TNBS treatment group, and TNBS plus HA treatment group. The weight changes, clinical scores, macroscopic scores, and histological scores were recorded. Cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2) and prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) expressions were measured both in colons and peritoneal macrophages from these mice. HA was a rescue therapy for the colitis induced by TNBS only in C3H/HeN mice. The clinical score, macroscopic score, and histological score were much lower in C3H/HeN mice receiving TNBS plus HA treatment. Cox-2 and PGE 2 expressions only increased in C3H/HeN mice. These Cox-2 expressing cells were macrophages. HA can also promote the production of Cox-2 and PGE 2 in peritoneal macrophages from C3H/HeN mice. Our data demonstrated that HMW HA can rescue TNBS-induced colitis through inducing Cox-2 and PGE 2 expressions in a TLR4-dependent way. Macrophages may be the effector cells of HMW HA.

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INTRODUCTION: To document the potential relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection (H. pylori), ABO and Rhesus (Rh) blood groups in affected individuals with peptic ulcer disorder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional, research was accomplished from February 2021 to May 2021 among individuals experiencing dyspeptic conditions visiting Endoscopy Unit of Janakpur Provincial Hospital. All the patients were investigated for their blood group phenotype and Rhesus dependent through slide hemagglutination test. Also all the patients went through esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) in order to identify peptic ulcer disease. Gastric biopsies were acquired and evaluated for H. pylori through urease test. RESULTS: A total of 103 patients were registered in this study, which included 49 males and 54 females with a mean age of 15-77 years. H. pylori was found positive in 75(72.8%) cases and negative in 28 (27.2%) cases, Blood group A, B, AB and O were found in 19.4%, 33.0%, 13.6%, and 34.0% of the patients respectively. Relatively higher prevalence of H. pylori was found in each blood groups O (33.3%) and B (33.3%) compared to blood group A (20.1%) and AB (13.3%). However, association of ABO blood group and prevalence of H. pylori was found to be insignificant (p=0.991). CONCLUSIONS: The study concluded that B blood group people were more prone to H. pylori infection. Our study revealed that H. pylori contamination was definitely an endemic issue, which needs to be handled by enhancing hygiene, supply of filtered water and in addition other measures for its elimination. Further meticulous studies are needed to establish relationship between blood type and H. pylori contamination in different age groups.

INTRODUCTION: Organophosphorus is one of the most common causes of poisoning worldwide. Organophosphorus (OP) poisoning is a major public health problem in Nepal. This study was conducted to observe the epidemiological pattern and mortality in patients with OP poisoning admitted to provincial hospital Janakpurdham, Nepal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It was a retrospective study. All the consecutive poisoning cases due to op compound admitted through emergency either in the ward or ICU of the provincial hospital from 15 May 2020 to 15 November 2020 included in the study. RESULTS: A total of 160 cases of poisoning were admitted through emergency either in the medical ward or ICU of the provincial hospital. Out Of these 81 (51.63 %) was OP poisoning. Among 81 cases 51.85 % were male.70.37 % of cases were from the young adult group i.e., 15 to 30 years. 38.37 % were housewives. Among all included cases 43.20 % had consumed Methyl parathion (Metacid) followed by Phorate 24.69 %. 55 % of total cases were from Dhanusha district followed by Mahottari and Sarlahi. The mortality rate was 14.81 % of total admitted cases, with an average of 5.7 days of hospital stay in the recovered case. CONCLUSIONS: OP poisoning is a major public health problem in province 2. It affects mostly the young age population. Housewives are at more risk of poisoning. The mortality in patients with OP poisoning is high even if antidotes are available. Considering the common occurrence and full curability of the condition early arrival to the hospital, timely monitoring, and prompt management may help to reduce mortality. With strict laws on the provision of pesticide availability, the poisoning incidence can be decreased and by proper development of infrastructure and ICU facility mortality can be decreased.