Vitamin D denotes cholecalciferol, produced by the action of ultraviolet light with a wavelength of 290–320 nm on 7- dehydrocholesterol in the skin of humans. Once made in the skin or ingested, vitamin D is transported to the liver from kidney where it is hydroxylated into 25-hydroxy vitamin, which is the major circulating form of vitamin D. 2158 patients (19-60 years) were enrolled in the study who visited United Reference Laboratory from 20th July, 2014 to 17th December, 2015. Exclusion criteria included a chronic illness and use of medications known to affect bone metabolism. All participants provided oral informed consent. Our study shows significant deficiency of vitamin D among working population of Western Region of Nepal. The prevalence of insufficiency is significantly more in female population than in male population. It is also observed that vitamin D is significantly less deficient in summer and autumn as compared to winter and spring. It is less deficient in Magar as compared to other ethnic groups. This finding evinces, vitamin D variation is significantly associated with gender, season, and ethnicity variable.

Introduction: Thyroid disorder is second most common endocrine disorder after diabetes in the

Introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common health care associated infection caused by various pathogenic bacteria. Biofilms are communities of bacteria that are held together by exopolymeric substances that protect against the antimicrobial therapy and other environmental assaults. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of biofilm forming bacteria in Nepalese population and to study the emergence of antimicrobial resistance among biofilm producing bacteria in comparison to non-biofilm producing bacteria. Methods: A total of 785 clean-caught-mid-stream urine samples were collected. After isolation and identification of uropathogens, they were further processed for detection of biofilm formation by two methods (Congo Red Agar method and Tissue Culture Plate method) as well as for antibiotic sensitivity test. Results: Out of total collected samples, 12.74% were found to be associated with UTI, among them 67% were Escherichia coli, 10% were Klebsiella spp, 7% were Pseudomonas spp, 6% were Staphyloccous aureus, 4% were Enterobacter spp, 3% were Proteus spp, 2% were Citrobacter spp and remaining 1% was Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Among isolated organisms, the ratio of bioflim positive organism to bioflim negative organism was found to be 9:11. Nitrofurantoin, Tobramycin, Chloramphenicol, Amikacin and Imipenem were found to be significantly more sensitive in biofilm negative bacteria as compared to biofilm positive bacteria with p values of 0.000, 0.001, 0.000, 0.000 and 0.001. Conclusions: The prevalence rate of multidrug resistance in bacterial uropathogens was higher in biofilm producers as compared to non-biofilm producers. Biofilm forming characteristic of bacteria make them more resistant to antibiotics.