Background Research links blood pressure variability ( BPV ) with stroke; however, the association with cerebral small‐vessel disease ( CSVD ) remains unclear. As BPV and mean blood pressure are interrelated, it remains uncertain whether BPV adds additional information to understanding cerebrovascular morphological characteristics. Methods and Results A systematic review was performed from inception until March 3, 2019. Eligibility criteria included population, adults without stroke (<4 weeks); exposure, BPV quantified by any metric over any duration; comparison, (1) low versus high or mean BPV and (2) people with versus without CSVD ; and outcomes, (1) CSVD as subcortical infarct, lacunae, white matter hyperintensities, cerebral microbleeds, or enlarged perivascular spaces; and (2) standardized mean difference in BPV . A total of 27 articles were meta‐analyzed, comprising 12 309 unique brain scans. A total of 31 odds ratios ( OR s) were pooled, indicating that higher systolic BPV was associated with higher odds for CSVD ( OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.14–1.42; I 2 =85%) independent of mean systolic pressure. Likewise, higher diastolic BPV was associated with higher odds for CSVD ( OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.14–1.48; I 2 =53%) independent of mean diastolic pressure. There was no evidence of a pairwise interaction between systolic/diastolic and BPV /mean OR s ( P =0.47), nor a difference between BPV versus mean pressure OR s ( P =0.58). Fifty‐four standardized mean differences were pooled and provided similar results for pairwise interaction ( P =0.38) and difference between standardized mean differences ( P =0.70). Conclusions On the basis of the available studies, BPV was associated with CSVD independent of mean blood pressure. However, more high‐quality longitudinal data are required to elucidate whether BPV contributes unique variance to CSVD morphological characteristics.

Summary Objectives The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of oral l -Glutamine supplementation on hospitalization time, need for intensive care unit and Coronavirus Disease-19 (Covid-19) mortality. Methods The study included 30 Covid-19 patients using l -Glutamine and 30 Covid-19 patients who did not use l -Glutamine with similar age, gender and clinical status. Diagnostic tests, laboratory examinations, clinical findings and computed thorax tomography imaging of the patients were evaluated. Results Hospitalization time was 10.4 ± 1.9 days in Covid-19 without L-Glutamine group and 8.9 ± 1.8 days in Covid-19 with L-Glutamine group (p = 0.005). In Covid-19 without the L-Glutamine group, four patients require the ICU though no one in the other group required that (p = 0.038). Only one mortality was observed in Covid-19 without the L-Glutamine group (p = 0.999). Conclusions Nutritional supplements such as L-Glutamine boost immune system especially by inhibition of inflammatory responses. Our results suggest adding enteral L-glutamine to the normal nutrition in the early period of Covid-19 infection may lead to a shortened hospital stay and lead to less need for ICU. Larger-scale studies are needed to evaluate the effect of adding enteral L-Glutamine to the currently used treatments in the infectious diseases especially like Covid-19.

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The decreased levels of NOx and eNOS found in this study indicate the co-existence of endothelial dysfunction and hypertension once more. In the absence of microalbuminuria, the increased miR-21 expression in patients with iCIMT made us conclude that this miRNA might be involved in the early stages of atherosclerotic process in hypertensive patients.

White coat hypertension (WCH) is a high cardiovascular risk condition, and a fundamental understanding of the cause and pathophysiology of the disorder is still lacking. Recent studies demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in hypertension; however, the roles of miRNAs in WCH are not known.The expressions of selected 10 miRNAs were investigated independently in plasma samples from 30 hypertension (HT) patients, 30 WCH patients, and 30 normotensive (NT) subjects.MiR-21, miR-122, miR-637, and let-7e expression levels were significantly upregulated in the HT group compared with the NT groups (P = 0.017, P = 0.022, P = 0.048, and P = 0.013, respectively). MiR-122 and miR-637 expressions were also significantly upregulated in the WCH group compared with the NT group (P = 0.048 and P = 0.039, respectively). MiR-296-5p expression level was significantly downregulated in HT patients and upregulated in the WCH patients compared with the NT group (P = 0.049 and P = 0.039, respectively).Additionally, the ambulatory 24-hour and daytime systolic and diastolic blood pressures were negatively correlated with miR-296-5p. MiR-296 and miR-637 had area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.778 and 0.774, respectively, which demonstrates their sufficiency to distinguish WCH from NT individuals. MiR-296 and miR-637 had AUC values of 0.868 and 0.680, respectively, which shows their potential to distinguish WCH from HT individuals.We report for the first time a plasma miRNA profile for WCH patients and demonstrate a novel link between miRNA and WCH. These findings may reveal crucial insights into the development of WCH.