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The Systems Engineering design process is challenged to deliver successful complex systems in multidisciplinary and heterogeneous components. Growing human needs and evolving society bring ever greater challenges in the formation of a complex and large engineered system. System complexity is related to lots of parts and large size of the system when there is difficulty in understanding how the system works or in predicting the consequences of any change that may affect the process and systems develop itself. The leadership is performing an important role to manage a complex system. Leaders should be able to set back from immediate focus and look at the desired big picture. In practice, many factors contribute to Systems Engineering complexity in this review. This study intends to explore and analyze the complexities and the factors that contribute to the complexity of the Systems Engineering design approach. The data in this study were collected systematically from several electronic scholarly databases, including the ISI Web of Science, Scopus, Wiley Online Library. This study quantified the challenges and causes of the Systems Engineer complexity. Then, the challenges were categorized into two groups, managerial and technical causes. Ultimately, seven Systems Engineering complexity factors were identified, and their impact on the Systems Engineering processes was ranked using the Pareto principle. Among the factors, rapidly emerging technology was the most significant factor contributing to Systems Engineering complexity.

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Requests from stakeholders to include Rapidly Emerging Technology Items into the system under development during the design phase become essential to maintain competitiveness. This paper aims to analyze the effect of adopting the Rapidly Emerging Technology Items (RETIs) during the development process phase of the Systems Engineering approach. Subject matter experts were surveyed with various qualitative questions. Purposeful sampling was used in choosing participants who were "information-rich." Therefore, the individuals and sites selected should be knowledgeable people who have experience in engineering projects' technical and managerial aspects. Referring to the pattern of the data and the author's reflexivity, five themes were identified in this paper, including the problem validation, design professionality, the drivers of the Rapidly Emerging Technology Items (RETIs), the technology type, interaction between the design organization and the RETIs drivers, and the tool for evaluating the rapidly emerging technologies. The analysis of the themes revealed that, due to the adoption of RETIs, the design organization needs to re-define the requirements, re-verify and re-validate the System-Of-Interest (SOI), which leads to longer time in system design and increases the allocated budget. Finally, improvement interventions are required to ensure that RETIs are adopted efficiently throughout the development phase.