We report a case of neuroendcrine (NE) carcinoma in the right breast of a 67-year-old female, ultrasonography revealed a lesion composed of irregular hypoechoic masses and mammography showed asymmetric breast tissue. Histopathologic examination of the surgical sample showed a solid to nested proliferation of plasmacytoid cells that showed immunocytochemical positivity for chromogranin A, synaptophysin, CD56, and estrogen receptor. Our case was diagnosed as solid NE carcinoma. Though the findings of fine needle aspiration cytology reflected the histological features, we were not able to cytopathologic grounds only to predict the NE nature of this tumor. We performed immunocytochemistry using Chromogranin A, Synaptophysin, and CD56 on our cytologic smear retrospectively with positive results for all of the markers. When the cytopathologic examination of a given breast neoplasm is suggestive of NE differentiation, immunocytochemical staining for NE markers is generally useful for a correct preoperative diagnosis. An acurate preoperative diagnosis of NE carcinoma on FNAC can be achieved based on its distinctive cytomorphologic and immunocytochemical features. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011;39:527-530. ' 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key Words: breast cancer; neuroendocrine tumor; cytology; plasmacytoid cells; immunocytochemistry Neuroendocrine (NE) tumors are derived from NE cells throughout the body and are generally rare. They mainly occur in the broncho-pulmonary system and gastro-intestinal tract.1 Primary NE carcinoma of the breast was recently recognized as a distinct entity and was added to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors (2003) under the category of NE tumors. The WHO defines them as mammary NE tumors as having morphological features similar to those of NE tumors from the gastrointestinal tract and lung, with expression of NE markers by more than 50% of the total cell population.2 NE tumors include solid NE carcinoma, atypical carcinoid tumors, small cell/oat cell carcinoma, and large cell NE carcinoma. Herein, we describe our experience with a case of a NE tumor (solid NE carcinoma) in the breast and discuss its cytopathologic features. Case ReportA 67-year-old female was admitted to our hospital with a provisional diagnosis of a subareolar abscess in her right breast and bloody nipple discharge. Ultrasonography revealed irregular hypoechoic masses with a diameter of 0.8 3 0.7 cm in the outer quadrants of the right breast. Asymmetric breast tissue had been identified by mammography that was classified as Birads 3. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and core needle biopsy were performed on a mass, with a diagnosis of malignancy.

HighlightsAppendiceal neurofibromas (AN) in Neurofibromatosis type (NF) 1 are rare.AN in NF1 with Low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasms (LAMNs) are extremely rare.AN and LAMNs have potential for malignant transformation.Surgical resection is the standard treatment for patients with AN and LAMNs.However, appropriate surgical procedure remains controversial.

The immunomodulatory effect of human immunosuppressive acidic protein (IAP) on lymphocyte surface antigens was investigated. IAP inhibited lymphocyte responses to phytohemagglutinin in a dose-dependent manner. By flow cytometry, using fluorescein-isothiocyanate-labelled antibodies, the mean fluorescence intensity on peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) decreased for CD4, slightly decreased for CD3 but showed no change for the CD8 and T cell receptor a-(3 antigens in the presence of IAP. This CD4 antigen modulation by IAP was observed in PBLs freshly isolated from patients with unresectable cancer but not in those isolated from patients with resectable tumor or from healthy volunteers. The modulation of the CD4 antigen by IAP on the lymphocyte surface was correlated with an increment of serum IAP levels in cancer patients. The CD4 modulation could be induced in PBLs from healthy volunteers by culturing them with IAP in vitro. It is suggested that IAP may play a role in cancer-related immunosuppression through the down-modulation of the CD4 antigen on the lymphocyte surface.

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In order to extend the possible use of the microwave tissue coagulation (MTC) in the liver tumor, macroscopic and histological changes in thigh muscle of the pig after microwave irradiation using a new type needle electrode of that size was 21 gauge was examined in this study. The needle-electrode of MTC was introduced into the center of the muscle under the guide of the ultra sonography and MTC was performed at the out put of 20 watts for 30 seconds size when it was irradiated continuously ten times, and was oval shaped. The coagulation area was changed necrosis strongly stained with hematoxylin. Internal echo pattern of the coagulation area of the MTC was changed heterogeneously surrounded with low echoic region. Thus, the result suggests that this new type needle-electrode is effective in the small liver tumor at the bed side treatment.