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With barley a large variation in frequency of plant formation from microspores of spikes from the same plant has been observed. The highest frequency of plant formation was obtained when culturing anthers in the dark on a high Ficoll medium containing 2,4-D and kinetin to induce proembryo (or callus) formation. Subsequently the proembryos or calli were cultured in dim light on a high Ficoll-high sugar medium containing IBA and kinetin. Finally the embryos were transferred to a starch agar medium. A maximum of 13 green plants were obtained from microspores of a single anther.The ratios of green to albino microspore derived plants varied from 9∶1 to 1∶9 depending on culture conditions. Under anaerobic conditions, lactic acid and other organic acids may have damaged the organelles in the cells resulting in the formation of albino plants. Thus, direct embryogenesis by using a well-buffered, high Ficoll-high sugar medium and proper aeration are essential for obtaining high frequency of green plants from microspores.

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Resistance parameters are essential for the prediction of pressure drop in bag filters. The reported values for limestone dust differ in magnitude and also depend on operating parameters. In this work, experimental data is provided from a pilot scale pulse-jet regenerated bag filter test facility for three types of needle felts using air and limestone dust at ambient conditions. Results reveal that specific resistance of filter media is independent of velocity while the specific resistance of filter cake increases linearly with filtration velocity. Residual pressure drop is almost constant, independent of upper pressure drop limit. The cake resistance at constant velocity fits to a second degree polynomial whereas it increases linearly with the velocity. A linear relation is reported here for all the cases. The resistance of filter cake decreases at higher upper pressure drop limit.