Background: Oropharyngeal administration of mother's colostrum in early days has an immunoprotective effect in preterm infants. Objectives: Our aim was to study the effect of oropharyngeal administration of mother's milk (OPAMM) on decreasing the incidence of nosocomial sepsis. Methods: In a pilot prospective randomized study on preterm (<32 weeks gestation and 1500 g weight) infants, we compared OPAMM practice (applying 0.2 mL of mother's colostrum or milk prior to gavage feeding until full oral feeding is reached) with regular gavage feeding. The primary outcome was incidence of culture-proven nosocomial sepsis. Secondary outcomes included bacterial colonization of the gastrointestinal tract, feeding intolerance, time to reach full feeding, incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis, ventilator-associated pneumonia, duration of respiratory support, incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), length of hospital stay, and neonatal mortality. Results: The outcomes of 200 neonates (100 in each group) were analyzed. OPAMM practice did not significantly reduce the incidence of culture proven nosocomial sepsis (8% vs 13%, P = 0.35). Infants in the OPAMM group had a significantly lower growth of Klebsiella species in the oropharyngeal pouch, borderline lower incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia, shorter duration of oxygen therapy, less episodes of feeding intolerance, reached full feeding earlier, and had a shorter length of hospital stay. OPAMM practice did not affect the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis, BPD, or neonatal mortality. Conclusion: OPAMM prior to gavage feeding does not reduce the incidence of nosocomial sepsis but had beneficial effects on early achievement of feeding, and early hospital discharge in preterm very low-birth-weight infants. (JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2020;44:92-104) Clinical Relevancy StatementGavage feeding in preterm infants deprives the oropharyngeal pouch from the beneficial effect of mother's colostrum and milk. Previous reports have shown immunoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects for mother's colostrum when given early to the oropharyngeal pouch. We found that oropharyngeal administration of mother's milk prior to gavage feeding was associated with shorter duration to achieve full feeding, duration of oxygen support, and length of hospital stay in preterm infants.From the

Geographical distribution of soil salinity, alkalinity, calcicity, soil texture, and organic matter (grid system-log distance of 2 km) has been evaluated and mapped in the study area (about 770 km , indicating that salt-affected soils are distributed throughout the study area. About 94.5% of Tamia soils and 30% of Fayoum soils are calcareous (>10% CaCO 3 eq), due to the nature of parent material from which these soils are evolved. Soil pH of more than 8.00 was found in about 3.25% of Tamia soils and 73% of Fayoum District soils, whereas the soils with pH >8.5 are 3.96% in Tamia and 9.53% in Fayoum District. The organic matter contents seldom exceeded 1% in Tamia soils and did not exceed 1.5% for Fayoum soils. Soil texture in both districts is found as clay, sandy clay, sandy clay loam, sandy loam, and sandy. The maps generated through GIS are useful for decision makers for land use planning, conservation, and uses, as well as interest to researchers and soil science students to use the information for further investigations.

Spatial distribution of Ni has been studied in soils of Ibshway district area, Fayoum governorate, Egypt using grid system-log distance of 2 km.Levels and Spatial distribution of Ni( total and extractable) contents were identified and mapped using "ILWIS application" Geographic Information System (on basis of their Ni contents) throughout the studied area.It was found that the mean concentrations of total Ni within the top 60 cm of soils were 40.02 mg kg -1 , i.e higher than the general means in some soils of the world.The general mean concentrations of total Ni within the top 60 cm in Ibshway District soils mostly higher than the maximum allowable limits applied in some countries such as Denmark ,

Objectives of the present work were to study the effects of long term (< 10 years) use of mixed Nile with drainage water in irrigation and organic farming management in some Fayoum Governorate soils on plant essential macro and micro nutrients availability and some soil characteristics.Six soil profiles were excavated to achieve the first objective: three of which at an area irrigated with fresh Nile and three represented soils irrigated with mixed water. Two other profiles were dug in a private farm at Ibshaway, Fayoum: one from a long term (<10 years) organic managed filed and the second represented in a conventional managed field at the same area.The use of mixed Nile with drainage water resulted in great increases in the mean values of soil salinity expressed as ECe values and the concentrations of AB-DTPA extractable P, K, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and hot water extractable NO 3 -N.Soil cultivated under organic farming system for <10years had less salinity and slightly less pH values and contained more extractable available N, Fe, and Cu and less Zn, Mn , and P than soils of the conventional managed field. The concentrations of hot water extractable -N were found below the critical deficiency limit in all the studied soils. AB -DTPA extractable-Zn concentrations were below its critical deficiency limit in most soils or within the deficiency range in some others. Concentrations of all other nutrients ranged between deficient or sufficient depending upon quality of irrigation water, soil depth and management system. Means of extractable concentrations of all the studied nutrients generally decreased with soil depth down to 90 cm in all the studied soil profiles. INTRODUCTIONSoil fertility is a reflection of so many factors that directly or indirectly affect essential nutrients availability to plants and related soil characteristics. Fayoum soil properties and fertility are expected to be affected by long term use of low quality irrigation water and applied farming management system.