Valve replacement in high-risk patients with severe aortic stenosis has undergone a huge paradigm shift in the recent years in terms of procedural details and vascular access site for patients who have poor peripheral access. Carotid artery is one of the more promising access sites which has been proven to provide a good alternative site with comparable outcomes to transfemoral approach. In this manuscript, we will provide a review of the current literature on transaortic, transapical, transaxillary and transcarotid approaches to transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) while focusing on the transcarotid approach.

Ameliorating the saline-sodic soil process represents an important target in the agricultural security program of Egypt. In this concern, two field experiment were conducted at El-Serw Agricultural Research Station, Damietta Governorate, Agricultural Research Centre Egypt during two successive growing seasons from (2014 \ 2015).and (2015)Cultivated crops comprised wheat and sunflower in a consecutive sequence, to study effect of applied alternative gypsum, (it is fabricating from some of sugar industry waste in Egypt, which cause environmental pollution problems by mixing some materials or other wastes in order to maximize the benefit and use it as an alternative gypsum) with mole depth and mole spacing on a possible amelioration for some properties of salt affected soils and its productivity of crops. The experimental design was laid out in split-split plots with three replications was followed. The main plots were three levels of irrigation treatments [field capacity (I 1), field capacity +10% (I 2) and field capacity +20% (I 3)]. The sub plots were five mole drains treatments [ without mole(M 0),2m mole space with 30 cm depth (M 1), 2m mole space with 50 cm depth (M 2), 4m mole space with 30 cm depth (M 3) and 4m mole space with 50 cm depth (M 4)]. The sub sub plots were three alternative gypsum treatments [ Gypsum (control), alternative gypsum one(AG1) and alternative gypsum two(AG2)] at a rate of 5,71 Mg fed .-1 for each of them. The applied alternative gypsum treatments were uniformly spread on soil surface and thoroughly mixed in the top 15 cm. before sowing. Leaching requirements estimated and then amount of irrigation water applied. The most important findings can be summarized as follows: The effect of the depth, distance of the moles with the addition of alternative gypsum treatments and levels of irrigation treatments [field capacity +20% (I 3)]. Reduce salinity, acidity, bulk density, penetration resistances , total porosity,. On the contrary, increase the values of hydraulic conductivity, organic matter, Grain yield (Mg fed.-1), Water productivity (kg/m 3) and Water consumptive use efficiency (m 3 fed-1).The highest values of field crops and water use efficiency occurred when the integration and overlap between increasing the depth of mole to 50 cm, decreasing of the mole to 2 meters and field capacity +20% (I 3) with the use of alternative gypsum one (GA1) followed alternative gypsum two (GA2) and gypsum. The achieved amelioration in physio-chemical and hydrological properties of the studied soil positively reflected on the increases of grain yields of crops (wheat and sunflower). Finally, the obtained results suggest that this work is considered as scientific and logic fundamental base for a successful agricultural development of such salt affected area as well as possible to increase unite area income

Two field experiments were conducted during 2010/2011and 2011/2012 seasons in saline soil in Galbana Village, Sahl-El Tina (North Sinai), Egypt to study the efficiency of nitrogen, (N) fertilizers or Humic acid either separately or in combination with (N) as well as humic acid associated with Bio-and N fertilization on yield and yield components of two Egyptian faba bean (Vicia faba L.) varieties namely Giza 716 and Sakha 3. Chemical composition, seed quality and some chemical properties of soil were also investigated. The results show that the characters of faba bean plants such as, plant height (cm), 100-seed weight (g), seed yield/plant (g), seed yield (ardab/ fed) and germination %, shoot and radical length (cm), fresh and dry weight of seedling (g), electrical conductivity for seeds (EC) and chemical composition of seeds (Protein and carbohydrate content as %) were significantly by application of the different treatments compared to the control treatment. The Macro elements (N, P and K %) and micro elements concentration (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) in seeds and stem were significant increased due to application of the different treatment when compared to the control treatment. Also, the results showed that the treatment of (Humic acid + Bio + N) gave the higher value of seed yield/ plant (62.0 g) compared to control (39.1 g) as well as germination percentage were improved also by application of (Humic acid + Bio + N) (81.0% and 76.7%) compared to treatment control (62% and 59%) in Giza 716 and Sakha 3, respectively. Concerning some chemical properties, the results show that the values of pH of the soil was decreased (8.0 ppm) deu to application of humic acid + N. While the available manganese was increase in soil when this treatment was Also , Application of different treatments enhanced the availability of macro elements such as (N, P and k), maicro elements (Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu) under studied soil.

An experiment was conducted to study the response of Maize to irrigation levels with or without potassium humate on yield and yield components of maize (Zea. mays L., cv. single cross) and soil properties after harvesting. Maize was sown at Giza Agricultural Research Station, Agriculture Research Center, Giza Egypt, during summer season of 2013. The experiment was arranging spilt plot design with three replications. The experiment involved two factors, potassium humate (0, 5, 10 and 15 kg fed -1 ) allotted to main plots and irrigation levels (100%, 75% and 50% of field capacity) allocated in sub plots. The results showed among irrigation levels treatments, W1 recorded the highest values of all studied traits of maize plants included plant height, shoot diameter (cm ), Length of Ear (cm), No. of rows ear -1 , weight of 100 grain (g), dry shoot (kg/ fed.), grain yield (kg/fed.) and biological yield (kg/fed.) and harvest index (HI%). Likewise, N, P, K, Fe, Mn and Zn content and its uptake showed the same trend. On the other hand, water stress resulted in a significant decrease in these parameters. Concerning water use efficiency, the highest values were achieved with irrigation level (W1) compared to the other irrigation levels (W2 and W3). Results also illustrated that plants received 15 kg fed.-1 potassium humate produced the highest values of the corresponding parameters than those in the control. In addition, plants received irrigation levels W2 or W3 combined with potassium humate registered the highest values of corresponding parameters compared to the irrigation without application potassium humate. Furthermore, potassium humate application were highly significant effect on improving soil characteristics, such as some available macro and micronutrients in soil, soil pH and EC, wet sieving stable aggregates and aggregation index, as compared to control treatment. The potassium humate at high level was superior on increasing abovementioned values. Potassium humate treatments under different irrigation levels were a more improving soil characteristics especially under W1 followed by W2 and W3 irrigation treatments. it can be concluded that irrigation level W1 and application of potassium humate with 15 kg fed -1 resulted in the highest yield and yield attributes, WUE and some soil properties. Also, application of potassium humate with deficiency in the amount of water irrigation led to gave the highest values of the former parameters compared to the transaction referred in the addition without.

Maize is the third important cereal crop in Egypt after wheat and rice. Injection of ammonia gas as a nitrogen fertilizer is used widely comparable with other nitrogen fertilizer forms due to the high nitrogen content (82 %) as well as its cheapest price. Two field trials were carried out at Tameia Agricultural Research Station, Fayoum Governorate, Egypt during 2014 and 2015 summer seasons to study the effect of nitrogen fertilization forms (ammonia gas 82 N% and ammonium nitrate 33.5N%), irrigation intervals and soil conditioners on yield, yield components and water use efficiency (WUE) water use efficiency of maize. Results showed that a combination of ammonia gas, irrigation at 10 days interval and application of compost caused the lowest averages of dry soil bulk density and hydraulic conductivity, whereas, this interaction also recorded the highest value of grain yield in both seasons, as well as, higher values of concentration and uptake of N, P and K in grain. On the other hand, the treatment of ammonia gas, irrigation at 15 days and application of compost remarkably had the higher water use efficiency (WUE) than the irrigation at 10 days with the application of compost. Although, the yield production reduced by 5 to 6 % , it saves irrigation water 400m 3 ha -1 water. Hence, the treatment of irrigation at 15 days and application of compost is recommended for adoption in wider areas in Egypt to save irrigation water.