Shrimp aquaculture is the rapidly growing sector of fish culture producing sectors in the world due to its rising demand in developed countries. Moreover, the intensive and extensive shrimp culture systems are affected mainly by infection diseases caused by several pathogenic agents and resulting in high economic losses. Nowadays, controlling and preventive infection diseases are the major concern to develop this sector. Besides, the highly extensive usage of chemotherapeutics and antibiotics induced numerous drawbacks in shrimp farming, developed antibiotic resistance bacterial strains, and threatens the aquatic life. Recently, improving the immunity status and controlling infectious diseases using biological methods have become beneficial, environment friendly, and risk-free options in aquaculture. Probiotics have gained much attention as immunostimulants in aquaculture owing to their inhibitory properties on pathogenic microorganisms via creation of an unfriendly atmosphere to cease their growth. Lactobacillus species as probiotics was used in shrimp aquaculture to prevent viral infections due to their positive promoting effects on survival and health. Additionally, Lactobacillus species possesses sturdy antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic microorganisms such as Photobacterium and Vibrio infections. This review threw the light on the applications of Lactobacillus sp. as probiotics in cultured shrimp which could be of great impact from a sustainable, intensive, and ecofriendly aquaculture opinion.

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A quaculture farmers are concerned with achieving the highest growth rates regardless of the condition of water quality; therefore, the farms set up in areas with unsuitable water parameters have been under-performing in production and are thus unsustainable (Stewart et al., 2013). Furthermore, anthropogenic actions have led to the degradation of freshwater habitats and the concomitant depletion of fish populations (Closs et al., 2015; Gordon et research Article Abstract | The American paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) is one of the most valuable native fish in the united states, china, and several Eastern European countries. Sustainable paddlefish production at a commercial scale is essential for caviar and meat production but requires maintaining high water quality throughout the rearing period. The present study analyzes the paddlefish' biological and physical Caspian environmental data using fuzzy logic control methodology from non-traditional analysis to deliver detailed insight into critical factors that affect the aquatic ecosystems. For this hypothesis, there was one governate station (the Caspian Fisheries Research Institute), including twelve earthen ponds with 850 kg fish per hectare in this study. The fuzzy inference system was performed to predictable solutions for output data (metabolic rate), influencing the selected factors (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and oxygen uptake) involved in the system. Through prediction and simulation, each input factor was determined during the breeding season (seven months). Water quality parameters involved in the variation in the paddlefish rearing conditions were classified into four groups, including temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen, along with oxygen consumption. For each rearing condition, a separate fuzzy inference system was defined and the output of each fuzzy system was named F1, F2, F3, F4 and F5. Finally, F1 and F2 were identified as the inputs to a fuzzy model to evaluate the relation between the metabolic rate index's and environmental factors. The results indicated that the decline in the paddlefish metabolic rate rearing index was correlated with the water temperature and dissolved oxygen percentage during the breeding season. In conclusion, improving oxygen flowing and optimum water temperature could reduce environmental stress and improve paddlefish production in this system during the breeding season.

The fish-breeding, biological and hematological parameters of paddlefish females matured in the pond conditions of the scientific and experimental aquaculture complex “BIOS” were investigated. The studies were carried out during the period of obtaining mature oocytes for fish breeding purposes. The reproductive function of female paddlefish was judged by the following parameters: body weight and timing of reaching sexual maturity, spawning intervals, egg yield, absolute and relative fecundity, percentage of fertilization and embryo development, and prelarvae yield. The physiological state of females was assessed according to the following parameters: white blood cell (WBC) count, hemoglobin concentration (Hb), total serum protein (TSP). The results obtained were compared with published data on female paddlefish in natural habitat and on females acclimatized in another region. Materials were obtained on paddlefish females, once and repeatedly ripened in the pond conditions of the Astrakhan region. Some data were obtained for the first time, but not in sufficient volume to draw generalizing conclusions. The investigated broodstock of the paddlefish NECA “BIOS” is very heterogeneous, there are females that reached sexual maturity at the age of 9–14 years, but some individuals matured at 20–23 years old, which is very late for paddlefish. The eggs yield was low and averaged 12.2% of the body weight of females, while in natural conditions it reaches 20% and more. It was not possible to carry out a comparative analysis of the obtained results of hematological studies, since there are very few published data on the physiological state of paddlefish breeders both in natural conditions and acclimatized in the European territory. The results obtained can be used in work with paddlefish producers in artificial conditions, as well as a basis for further studies of paddlefish hematological parameters in aquaculture.

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