Lead is one of the fundamentally risky metal ions existing in wastewater. A laboratory batch technique carried out to study the impact of initial concentration, pH, temperature, a dose of adsorbent and contact time on the elimination of lead ions onto oil shell sedimentary rock as natural clay. Two natural inorganic composites Kaolinite/Smectite-A and Kaolinite/ Smectite-B have been used. The lead removal enlarged with rising initial metal solution concentration, contact time and pH. The elimination reaction speed was high at the initial period of contact time and then decreased to attain equilibrium at 45, 30 min for Kaolinite/Smectite-A and Kaolinite/Smectite-B adsorbents, respectively. Mutually, Langmuir and Freundlich's isotherms are applicable to describe the metals adsorption and thermodynamic parameters ΔG; ΔS and ΔH were calculated indicating that the adsorption process is physisorption, spur-of-the-moment and endothermic.

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Sorption of calcium ion from the hard underground water using novel oxidized graphene (GO) sheets was studied in this paper. Physicochemical properties and microstructure of graphene sheets were investigated using Raman spectrometer, thermogravimetry analyzer, transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope. The kinetics adsorption of calcium on graphene oxide sheets was examined using Lagergren first and second orders. The results show that the Lagergren secondorder was the best-fit model that suggests the conception process of calcium ion adsorption on the Go sheets. For isothermal studies, the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used at temperatures ranging between 283 and 313 K. Thermodynamic parameters resolved at 283, 298 and 313 K indicating that the GO adsorption was exothermic spontaneous process. Finally, the graphene sheets show high partiality toward calcium particles and it will be useful in softening and treatment of hard water.

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