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Extracellular vesicles (EVs, formerly known as exosomes) are small, extracellular membrane-bound particles that play a role in cellular communication via transporting different cargos including proteins, DNAs, RNAs, etc. Their role has been shown in different endocrine/paracrine signaling in different organs such as the cardiovascular system. These days mortality and morbidity rates caused by cardiovascular disease (CVD) have become an important issue among healthcare systems all over the world. EVs great potentials for clinical diagnosis and treatment offer a bright future in assessing different types of CVDs. In this review we have summarized the variable roles of these nano-sized biological membrane-enclosed vesicles in myocardial injury, repair, and regeneration. We have also reviewed the value of EVs as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in the field of cardiology medicine and emphasized the promising capabilities of EVs as natural drug-delivery vehicles as a novel targeting treatment.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are
chronic relapsing conditions resulting from immune system activity in a genetically predisposed individual. IBD
is based on progressive damage to the inflamed gut tissue. As its pathogenesis remains unknown, recent accumulating
data have demonstrated that IBD is a complex and multi-factorial disorder correlated with host luminal
factors, which lead to an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory signaling. The growing understanding of
the molecular mechanisms responsible for IBD has suggested a wide range of potential therapeutic targets to treat
this condition. Some patients do not have a satisfactory response to current therapeutic medications such as antitumor
necrosis factor (TNF) agents, or their response decreases over time. As a result, IBD therapeutics have
been changed recently, with several new agents being evaluated. The identification of various inflammatory cascades
has led to forming the idea to have novel medications developed. Medications targeting Janus kinases
(JAK), leukocyte trafficking Interleukin (IL) 12/23, and Sphingosine 1 phosphate (S1P) are among these newly
developed medications and highlight the role of microbial-host interaction in inflammation as a safe promising
strategy. This systematic review aims to summarize different molecular targeting therapeutics, the most potent
candidates for IBD treatment in recent studies.
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