Coronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19) has led to the demise of millions of people worldwide; additionally, it has resulted in a significant economic and mental health burden. Since the onset of the COVID‐19 pandemic, various measures have been constructed to evaluate pandemic‐related fear and anxiety. The COVID‐19 Anxiety Syndrome Scale (C‐19ASS) is a promising measure that assesses coping strategies (e.g., avoidance, checking, worrying and threat monitoring), termed ‘COVID‐19 Anxiety Syndrome’, in response to COVID‐19 fear and anxiety. The measure has been broadly welcomed, leading to its use in Brazil (Portuguese), China, Greece, Indonesia, the Philippines, Iran (Farsi), Italy, Saudi Arabia (Arabic), Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. To gain a better understanding of the relevance of the COVID‐19 Anxiety Syndrome, we conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis to explore the psychological correlates and psychometric properties of the C‐19ASS. Through the analysis of a total of 17,789 individuals (age range 19–70; female = 33%–85%), the C‐19ASS demonstrated a consistent factor structure, measurement invariance across gender and acceptable reliabilities. Furthermore, a significant association with COVID‐19 anxiety, depressive symptoms, generalized anxiety, health anxiety, psychological distress and functional impairment (work and social adjustment) during the COVID‐19 pandemic was observed. When considering the Big Five personality traits, the C‐19ASS and its subscales were only significantly and negatively associated with extraversion; only the total score on the measure was associated with neuroticism. The observed effect sizes ranged from very small to medium. Given that all included studies (K = 24) were cross‐sectional, and due to the nature of the COVID‐19 Anxiety Syndrome, which may well persist after the pandemic ends, it is recommended to continue screening society for the persistence of this syndrome.

The present study aimed to determine the roles of maternal care and overprotection. We also explored how they are combined to develop rumination as well as various childhood traumas and parenting styles as the risk factors for depression. Methods: This was a retrospective study with a causal-comparative design. In total, 175 students with the ِ Mean±SD age of 21±2.75 years (age range: 18-35 years) affiliated to Alborz Medical University, Tehran University, and Kharazmi University have been selected using purposive sampling method. They completed the 2nd version of Beck Depression Inventory, Ruminative Response Scale, Parental Bonding Instrument, and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed by the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), path analysis, mediation analysis, and correlation calculations, in SPSS and AMOS. Results: The mediating role of rumination in respect of parenting styles (P<0.02) and depression (P<0.001) was statistically significant. Moreover, parenting styles and childhood traumas, and their interaction may lead to the development of rumination and depression (P<0.001). The pathways of the effects were different; limited maternal care plays an indirect role in this process. This indicates that it will lead to depression and rumination only if emotional abuse is experienced in childhood. However, overprotection can directly lead to these conditions. Conclusion: Paying attention to parenting styles, childhood traumas, and their interaction to prevent rumination and depression is important. This is due to the identified direct and indirect effects of parenting behaviors.

ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to investigate the mediating role of rumination in relation to the attachment styles and depression symptoms. Methods This is an expost facto study with causal design. Around 175 students of Iranian University answered to Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS), and the Adult Attachment Questionnaire (AAQ), which were analyzed using variance analysis, regression, and mediation analysis. Results The study results showed that attachment orientation is related to rumination (P<0.001) and depression (P<0.0005). Specifically, avoidance index of attachment system is strongly associated with brooding (P<0.002). Our results also supported the mediating role of brooding in between avoidance index and depression symptoms (P<0.0005). Conclusion Brooding mediate in between avoidance index and depression symptoms. The study findings also emphasize the role of caregiver-child relationship in the formation of rumination and depression, and recommend implementing preventive programs in order to restrain the development of such dysfunctional construct.