Background:The study aimed to identify the types of bacteria isolated from the urine of patients with urinary tract infections focusing on the resistant isolates then comparing the results with the types of antibiotics misused by those patients in order to suggest some measures to mitigate the increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. Material and Methods: Urine samples were collected from patients aged from 10 to 60 years old who visited Al-Jomhory Hospital in Mosul City/Nineveh Governorate during a period between February and May 2021. Bacterial culture, identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing against different antibiotics were performed by Kirby Bauer's disc diffusion method and the results were compared with patient medical history of antibiotic use without consulting a physician. Results: Overall, 7 different bacterial pathogens were identified, 5 gram-negative and 2 gram-positive bacteria. The majority of bacterial pathogens isolated was Escherichia coli 37.6%, followed by Klebsiella spp. 35.5%. It is worth noting that the most effective drug was quinolone (P≤ 0.05) on bacterial species with least effective was penicillins worrisome results was the isolation of a high percentage of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, that was resistant to all antibiotics used in this research, by contrast, a high percentage of Enterococcus faecalis was sensitive to those antibiotics. Conclusion: The study revealed that a higher percentage of resistant bacteria were isolated in patients with a medical history of antibiotics misuse which might change drug prescribtion line in a hospitalized patients with bacterial infections.

The majority of nanomaterials have unique properties that make them helpful in a variety of biotechnology applications. The study assesses the phytochemical, antioxidant (using a DPPH radical scavenging assay) and antimicrobial activities and identifies minimum inhibitor concentrations of Citrus sinensis (orange), Citrus Limonum (lemon), and Citrus reticulata (tangerine) extracts and their silver nanoparticles. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the produced AgNPs. The synthesized AgNPs have a size of less than 100 nm according to SEM examination. Their DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power increased in a dose-dependent way that was more than that of their aqueous and alcoholic extracts. In comparison to Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, silver nanoparticles were found to be more efficient towards Escherichia coli. Their activities were increased with increasing dosage. Whereas, no inhibition zones were conducted with the examined plain citrus peel extracts. This finding revealed that the biomolecules that cover nanoparticles can increase metal nanoparticles' biological activity and the organic AgNPs green alcoholic and aqueous extracts from orange, lemon, and tangerine peels could be used as a potential source of new antioxidant and antimicrobial agents.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the scolicidal activity of Nigella sativa seed's oil concerning the viability in vitro and biomolecules content (carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids) of Echinococcus granulosus protoscolices. Protoscolices were aseptically aspirated from cysts of livers and lungs (naturally infected) which eradicated from goats and sheep that had been slaughtered at Mosul local abattoir / Nineveh / Iraq from September 2017 to May 2018. Various concentrations of N. sativa seed's oil (20 to 60 µl/ml) were applied on special time interval (5-40min). Viability of protoscolices was checked using vital stain (0.1% aqueous eosin). Concentration of carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) were estimated after treating the protoscolices with LC 50 of the seed's oil (40 µl/ml) comparing with untreated group. It is revealed that mortality rate of protoscolices, those were treated for 10 minutes with 40 µl/ml and 60 µl/ml of Nigella sativa oil, were approximately 50% and 100% respectively. Viability % of protoscolices treated with 20% hypertonic saline solution for 5 minutes was 43%, whereas, 16% of protoscolices were viable when treated with 60 µl/ml of seed's oil at the same time. The experiments detect concentration and time-dependent scolicidal effect of N. sativa seed's oil on the E. granulosus protoscolices. Mean concentrations of carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) were significantly higher at P≤ 0.05 in control group (62.6µg/ml, 31.0 mg/dl and (23.4 and 82.9 µg/ml, respectively) than that found in LC 50 treated protoscolices (58.3 µg/ml, 15.3 mg/dl and (18.19 and 64.48 µg/ml, respectively). The study showed that oil extract of N. sativa seeds has a significant (P≤ 0.05) clear impact in reducing viability of E. granulosus protoscolices, as well as, mean concentrations of its biomolecules which may open away for further experiments about scolicidal validity of N. sativa seeds oil in vivo.

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