-The objective of this work was to determine the biological parameters and thermal requirements of Trichogramma pretiosum TM strain reared on Helicoverpa armigera eggs. A card containing 20 eggs of H. armigera was offered for each T. pretiosum female, at temperatures of 18, 20, 22, 25, 28, 30 and 32°C. All life stages of T. pretiosum were observed under the given temperature conditions. The optimum temperature for the parasitism of T. pretiosum was 25°C, and the highest longevity was found at the same temperature. The highest parasitoid emergence rates occurred at temperatures of 22, 25 and 28°C. The highest proportion of T. pretiosum individuals emerged per egg was observed at 18°C. Concerning the sex ratio, the highest proportion of females occurred at 28°C, and the highest percentage of parasitism viability was observed at this same temperature. The lowest thermal threshold for total preimaginal development and thermal requirements of T. pretiosum were 10.82°C and 134.55 degree-days, respectively. The estimated number of generations of T. pretiosum in the average temperatures of municipality of Bom Jesus, state of Piauí, Brazil is four per month.Index terms: Trichogrammatidae, biological control, parasitoid, temperature. Parâmetros biológicos e exigências térmicas de Trichogramma pretiosum sobre ovos de Helicoverpa armigera Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar os parâmetros biológicos e as exigências térmicas deTrichogramma pretiosum linhagem TM sobre ovos de Helicoverpa armigera. Para cada fêmea, foi oferecida uma cartela contendo 20 ovos de H. armigera, às temperaturas de 18, 20, 22, 25, 28, 30 e 32°C. Todos os estádios de vida de T. pretiosum foram observados sob as dadas condições de temperatura. A temperatura ótima para o parasitismo de T. pretiosum foi de 25°C e a maior longevidade foi verificada à mesma temperatura. As maiores taxas de emergência do parasitoide foram às temperaturas de 22, 25 e 28°C. A maior proporção de indivíduos de T. pretiosum emergidos por ovo foi observada a 18°C. Quanto à razão sexual, a maior proporção de fêmeas ocorreu a 28°C, e o maior percentual de viabilidade do parasitismo foi observado à mesma temperatura. O limiar térmico inferior para o desenvolvimento pré-imaginal total e as exigências térmicas de T. pretiosum foram de 10,82°C e 134,55 grau-dias, respectivamente. O número estimado de gerações de T. pretiosum às temperaturas médias do Município de Bom Jesus, Piauí, foi de 4 por mês.Termos para indexação: Trichogrammatidae, controle biológico, parasitoide, temperatura.
Exposure of Helicoverpa armigera to sublethal concentrations of insecticides can cause physiological deficiencies manifested by reduced longevity, development, fertility and fecundity. Research on the sub-lethal effects, to identify the non-lethal negative impacts of insecticides on pests can provide practical information for integrated management. The objective of this study was to determine the lethal concentrations and sublethal effects of insecticides on larval development and reproduction of H. armigera. The insecticides were diluted in water and applied via immersion of soybean leaf discs directly in the solution for three second, subsequently provided to the larvae maintained under controlled conditions for a period of 48 h. For surviving larvae, artificial diet was provided with daily evaluation until pupation. The pupae obtained were weighed after 24 h and transferred to Petri dishes, covered with filter paper until the adult phase, to evaluate longevity and pupal viability. For the assessments related to oviposition, couples were separated in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) cages and fed with 10% honey solution; the counting of eggs was done every two days, until the end of the oviposition period. All of the insecticides tested presented lethal and sublethal effects on the parameters weight, mortality and pupal viability and reduced oviposition and can be used in pest management, representing an alternative in the product rotation for the control of the third instar of H. armigera.
ABSTRACT. This project has an objective to study the biological parameters of Trichogramma pretiosum on eggs of H. armigera. The three strains of T. pretiosum were evaluated: TM, TMC and TLEM, from different places. The experimental establishing was completely randomizing with twenty repeats per treatment, being used by a female parasitoid by repetition and later on they were offered 20 H. armigera eggs. The experiment was kept on BOD cameras to 25 ± 2° C, UR 60 ± 10% and photo phase of 14 hours. Evaluating the following biological parameters: parasitism percentage, emergency percentage, number of adults emerged per egg, sex ratio, viability, and longevity and cycle duration. The parasitism percentage, viability and number of individuals per egg were higher for TM and TMC. The TMC strain presented a larger sex ratio proportion, not being different statistically from the TM stream. The longevity of the strain TM was different regarding the others. There was no variation regarding the cycle duration. Therefore, according with the evaluated biologic parameters, it is concluded that Trichogramma pretiosum strain TM obtained a better egg development of H. armigera on laboratory conditions. Palavras-chave: Controle biológico, lagarta da soja, parasitoide de ovos.Parâmetros biológicos de três linhagens de Trichogramma pretiosum (Riley, 1879) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) sobre ovos de Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, 1805) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) RESUMO. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar os parâmetros biológicos de Trichogramma pretiosum em ovos de H. armigera. As três linhagens de T. pretiosum avaliadas foram: TM, TMC e TLEM, oriundas de diferentes localidades. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com vinte repetições por tratamento, sendo utilizada uma fêmea do parasitoide por repetição e posteriormente foram oferecidos 20 ovos de H. armigera. O experimento foi mantido em câmaras BOD a 25 ± 2° C, UR 60 ± 10% e fotofase de 14 horas. Avaliou-se os seguintes parâmetros biológicos: porcentagem de parasitismo, porcentagem de emergência, número de adultos emergidos por ovo, razão sexual, viabilidade, longevidade e duração do ciclo. A porcentagem de parasitismo e viabilidade e número de indivíduos por ovo foram superiores para as linhagens TM e TMC. A linhagem TMC apresentou a maior proporção para razão sexual, não diferindo estatisticamente da linhagem TM. A longevidade da linhagem TM se destacou em relação às demais. Não houve variação com relação a duração do ciclo. Assim de acordo com os parâmetros biológicos avaliados, conclui-se que Trichogramma pretiosum linhagem TM obteve o melhor desenvolvimento nos ovos de H. armigera em condições de laboratório.
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