This Perspective article highlights some of the traditional and non-traditional analytical tools that are presently used to characterize aqueous inorganic nanoscale clusters and polyoxometalate ions. The techniques discussed in this article include nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), dynamic and phase analysis light scattering (DLS and PALS), Raman spectroscopy, and quantum mechanical computations (QMC). For each method we briefly describe how it functions and illustrate how these techniques are used to study cluster species in the solid state and in solution through several representative case studies. In addition to highlighting the utility of these techniques, we also discuss limitations of each approach and measures that can be applied to circumvent such limits as it pertains to aqueous inorganic cluster characterization.

[AlxIny(μ3-OH)6(μ-OH)18(H2O)24](NO3)15 hydroxy-aquo clusters (AlxIn13-x) are synthesized through the evaporation of stoichiometrically varied solutions of Al13 and In(NO3)3 using a transmetalation reaction. Several spectroscopic techniques ((1)H NMR, (1)H-diffusion ordered spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and Raman) are used to compare AlxIn13-x to its Al13 counterpart. A thin film of aluminum indium oxide was prepared from an Al7In6 cluster ink, showing its utility as a precursor for materials.

Solid-state 71Ga and 69Ga NMR was used to probe the structure of the hydroxo-aquo cluster, [Ga13(μ3-OH)6(μ2-OH)18(H2O)24]­(NO3)15, envisioned as a solution-processable material for thin film electronics. This species, termed Ga13, is made up of three types of 6-coordinate gallium sites, with bridging OH groups and H2O species decorating the outer edges. Solid-state NMR at two magnetic fields (13.9 and 21.1 T) of these quadrupolar nuclei, in conjunction with modeling, demonstrates that these sites are best represented as distorted octahedra, exhibiting a wide range of distinct quadrupolar couplings and asymmetry parameters. This information is critical for analyses of the local coordination environment for gallium in related gallium-oxide films, and this work adds to the growing body of evidence that gallium solid-state NMR is a useful tool for structural analyses.