This work proposes a 2-degree-of-freedom proportional-integral-double-derivative (2-DOF PIDD) controller to improve frequency profiles of an IEEE 39 bus 10 generator 3 area New England interconnected power system during step load perturbations. To increase the system’s dynamic response, parallel derivative components are used in the secondary controller mechanism, and comparisons are made with proportional, integral and derivative (PID) and 2-DOF PID controllers to illustrate the advantage of the proposed controller scheme. The ideal gain values of the PID, 2-DOF PID, and 2-DOF PIDD controllers are achieved using a novel evolutionary algorithm called the intelligent water drops (IWD) algorithm, which is used for the first time for the load frequency control problem for a 3-area power system. The results proved that the proposed controller is superior to the existing controllers. Simulations are done in the MATLAB-Simulink® environment.

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Power system is an integration of many power generating units with continuous load variation due to which the frequency of the power system changes. Using traditional proportional integral (PI) controllers, frequency transients are reduced, and with sufficient time delay zero steady-state error is obtained. In this proposed research article, a three-area thermal plant system with wind and solar photovoltaic power generating systems is considered. This integration of renewable system will lead to the frequency transients which has to be addressed seriously. To improve the frequency profile of this diverse-source interconnected power system, a novel two degree of freedom proportional fractional integral double derivative (2-DOF-PFIDD) controller is proposed. The integral square error (ISE) cost function is utilized to discover the best parameter gains of the proposed controller using the intelligent water drops algorithm (IWDs). The benefits of the proposed controller are evaluated using an IEEE-39 bus system with wind and solar photovoltaic (SPV) generation. Uncertainties in the wind and solar power system characteristics such as wind speed and irradiance are considered. Comparisons with typical proportional integral derivative (PID), two degree of freedom proportional integral derivative (2-DOF PID), and 2-DOF-PIDD controllers are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of proposed controller for improving the frequency and tie-line power profiles.