Defining the flow and distribution of fluids in porous media has always been of key importance in modeling and predicting the performance of oil and gas reservoirs. Based upon the rock-fluid interactions, reservoir rocks have to be classified into separate flow units called rock types. This task is particularly complex in carbonates as they are generally impacted by diagenesis and cannot be represented by a single porosity permeability relationship per litho-facie. Establishing accurate rock types in carbonates, therefore, requires integration of various petrophysical data with the available rock, fluid and geological information. Various techniques have evolved in the industry for formulating rock-types (Pittman, RQI, FZI, Lucia, Winland, etc.), each technique offering its benefit depending on the nature and variety of data available. This paper presents a newly adopted workflow to formulate an RRT definition for a carbonate reservoir by integrating data from MICP, CCA, petrophysical logs and lithofacies information. The workflow involves associating the pore throat size distribution evaluated using MICP data with the measured porosity and permeability values utilizing the Winland R35 equation. Hydraulic flow units are identified using the Stratigraphic Lorenz Plot, based on the change of flow and storage capacity slopes. Pc, PTR, Phi and K discriminators were established and were used to as cut-offs for defining intervals representing good and poor facies. The new methodology helped to achieve a very good match (>80%) of water saturation from the initialized model with the log derived saturations in all wells drilled thus far in Reservoir-A. The methodology further helped optimize the number of effective rock types required to effectively delineate the field dynamic characteristics, helping reduce run time and anticipated convergence issues.

Metro Manila faces a major shortage problem that will necessitate the development of all possible sources. Structural geological study is an effective tool in maximizing the exploration of water resources. The Marikina Faults, a permeable zone which could facilitate the movement and occurrence of groundwater should be fully evaluated for such purpose. The main objectives of this paper are 1) to study the effects of geology particularly the Marikina Faults on groundwater, 2) to evaluate the groundwater resources of the Marikina Valley area, and 3) to assist urban planners in the identification and assessment of geologically favorable sites for groundwater development. The Marikina Fault zone is composed of several geologic structures in the Marikina Valley at the eastern edge of Greater Manila Area (GMA). Geological studies indicate that the study area is controlled by two fault systems: the East and the West Marikina Valley Faults. Movements along these structures strongly influenced the morphology and groundwater conditions in the study area. Hydrogeological studies show that the groundwater is confined in the Pleistocene Guadalupe Formation, Quaternary Alluvium and along the fault zones. Geochemical data indicate that there are two types of groundwater (calcium bicarbonate and sodium-rich waters) within the Guadalupe Formation west of the West Marikina Valley Fault, and three types of groundwater (calcium bicarbonate, sodium-rich and sodium chloride-rich waters) within the Marikina Valley. The Marikina Faults facilitate the movement and circulation of groundwater. These have adverse effects, however, on groundwater quality as seepage of contaminated water is enhanced.

The study of mass movements has long been regarded as one of the most important aspects which should be implemented in road construction in Sabah. Mass movements is a general term for a variety of earth processes by which large masses of rock and/or earth material spontaneously move downward either slowly or quickly by gravitation. This paper will focus on the study of Kundasang Road, one ofthe most vulnerable to mass movements occurrence in West Coast Sabah. Mass movements in the study area landslide, creep, rock slide and rock fall. Several factors contribute to the occurrence of mass movements and these are categorized into geological, geomorphological, climatological and anthropological factors. Consideration of these hazards must be taken into account in development planning to counter their disruptive effects. '

The increasing population in Kota Kinabalu is proportional to the demand for water resource. Groundwater is a primary concern because it is the most economical source of water supply. The main objectives of this paper are (1) to evaluate the groundwater resources in the study area, and (2) to study the effects of geology on groundwater. Kota Kinabalu is underlain by the Late Eocene-Lower Miocene Crocker Formation and Quaternary Alluvium. The Crocker Formation is composed of sandstone, shale and an interlayered sandstonesiltstone-shale sequence. The study area is controlled by heavy structural lineaments representing a complex history of folding, thrust, normal and wrench faulting. Movements along these structures strongly influence the geomorphology and groundwater distribution in Kota Kinabalu. The rocks within the fault zones are highly deformed, sheared, jointed, and fractured. The geology of the study area indicates that only the sandstone units of the Crocker Formation and Quaternary alluvium can be considered significant groundwater reservoirs. The aquifers within the study area can be divided into three major groups based on host rock and structural parameters, as follows (1) aquifers of Quaternary Alluvium, (2) aquifers within the fault zones, and (3) aquifers of the sandstone units of Crocker Formation. The chemical and physical analysis of the Kota Kinabalu groundwater suggest a meteoric origin and an alkaline type of water. Both the stratigraphic and structural settings favor a high potential groundwater resource in Kota Kinabalu. These settings facilitate the movement and circulation of groundwater within Crocker Formation and Quaternary Alluvium, affect the continuity of aquifers, enhance secondary permeability, as well as increase the storage capacities of the formations. Such settings also create confined and unconfined aquifer systems.

The study area located is in the western coast of Sabah between Telipok and Tuaran. The paper presents the geological setting and the hydrological condition ofthe study area and their relation, and attempts to determine the water balance based on available climatological data using Thornwaite method. Geological study indicates that the study area is underlain by Crocker Formation and Quaternary alluvium while hydrological condition based on water balance computation indicated that most of the water from precipitation fallover in the study area will be consumed by evapotranspiration leaving little water available for deep percolation and surface run off.