Background: Pain control methods after cesarean section may interfere with infant breast-feeding. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pethidine on breast feeding of infants born via cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. Methods: In this randomized double-blind clinical trial, we evaluated 116 infants born via cesarean section in Gerash Amiralmomenin hospital (Southern Iran) in 2017. The subjects were selected through purposive sampling and randomly by permuted block randomization and assigned to intervention and control groups. The test group received 100 mg of pethidine as intravenous infusion and the control group received only routine cares. Infants’ breast feeding behavior in both groups was recorded within 48 hours of hospitalization, using the standard tool for rapid assessment of infant feeding behavior, which consists of 4 main components of breastfeeding, including readiness to feed, rooting, latching, and sucking with a score range of 0 to 3 for each component evaluated at 1, 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours postnatally. Data were analyzed using independent t tests and chi-square test. Results: The highest score of breast-feeding behavior pertained to sucking reflexes in the control group and the lowest score to breast feeding readiness in the pethidine group. Readiness for feeding in the control group (2.09±0.53) was significantly higher than the pethidine group (1.81±0.61) (95% CI: 0.0552, 0.5092 and P=0.015). Sucking reflex (95% CI: -0.1461, 0.2208 and P=0.687), latching (95% CI: -0.3012, 0.0345 and P=0.118) and rooting reflexes (95% CI: -0.1685, 0.2342 and P=0.747) were almost equal in the control group (2.54±0.49, 2.52±0.38, 2.5±0.48, respectively) and pethidine groups (2.51±0.43, 2.65±0.45, 2.46±0.53, respectively). The total score of feeding behavior in the control group (9.66±1.04) was higher than that of the pethidine group (9.44 ±.69) (95% CI: -0.2032, 0.6412 and P=0.306). There was no significant difference between the infants’ feeding frequency (95% CI: -0.269, 1.930 and P=0.137) and duration of feeding (95% CI: -3.2067, 0.4597 and P=0.14). Conclusion: Evaluation of infants in the first 48 hours after birth showed that those babies whose mothers received pethidine were less willing to start breast-feeding. However, other components of breast-feeding behaviors were similar.

Background: Anxiety is one of the most common psychological disorders in pregnancy. It seems that a pregnant mother’s anxiety has adverse effects on physical growth, motor development, and breastfeeding behavior in her baby. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between feeding behavior and physiological parameters of neonates with antenatal maternal anxiety in cesarean section mothers. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, with a multiple regression analysis method for each variable, 10 samples were selected based on consumptive sampling, and total 101 people were selected. Data were collected using Spielberger’s questionnaire for mothers’ anxiety before delivery, and Standard Infant Breastfeeding Assessment Tool for nutritional behavior, and physiological parameters of newborns was completed within 48 hours after delivery. Independent and dependent t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient tests were used to analyze the data using SPSS software version 16. Results: The mean total anxiety (state and trait) was 90.02 ± 18. 09. Pearson correlation test showed that there was no significant relationship between the two anxiety variables with the mean nutritional behavior of the neonates and the anxiety with the physiological parameters of the newborn. Conclusions: There was no significant relationship between anxiety and physiological parameters and nutritional behavior of infants. Further studies with a larger sample size are recommended in the area of psychosocial support around delivery and the effect of mothers’ anxiety on the infants’ nutritional behaviors and physiological parameters.