The Sun’s magnetic field is generated by subsurface motions of the convecting plasma. The latitude at which the magnetic field emerges through the solar surface (as sunspots) drifts toward the equator over the course of the 11-year solar cycle. We use helioseismology to infer the meridional flow (in the latitudinal and radial directions) over two solar cycles covering 1996–2019. Two data sources are used, which agree during their overlap period of 2001–2011. The time-averaged meridional flow is shown to be a single cell in each hemisphere, carrying plasma toward the equator at the base of the convection zone with a speed of ~4 meters per second at 45° latitude. Our results support the flux-transport dynamo model, which explains the drift of sunspot-emergence latitudes through the meridional flow.

Increasing rate of demanding biodiesel as alternative energy resource, persuade researchers to investigate engine performance of biodiesel-fueled engines, which are highly influenced by ignition delay (ID) and combustion characteristics of such a fuel. This review article introduces a literature review on ignition delay (ID) and combustion characteristics of diesel engine fueled with biodiesel. Slightly difference between combustion characteristics of bio fueled engine and petroleum diesel one recognized as result of carried out investigations. Early start of combustion (SOC) and shorter ID of biodiesel comparing to diesel is reported by most of investigations. Lower compressibility, higher Cetane Number (CN) and fatty acid composition of biodiesel have been recognized as the principle elements of early SOC and shorter ID. It is also revealed that heat release rate (HRR) of biodiesel comparing to diesel is slightly lower because of lower calorific value, shorter ID and higher viscosity.

The purpose of deep-focusing time-distance helioseismology is to construct seismic measurements that have a high sensitivity to the physical conditions at a desired target point in the solar interior. With this technique, pairs of points on the solar surface are chosen such that acoustic ray paths intersect at this target (focus) point. Considering acoustic waves in a homogeneous medium, we compare travel-time and amplitude measurements extracted from the deepfocusing cross-covariance functions. Using a single-scattering approximation, we find that the spatial sensitivity of deep-focusing travel times to sound-speed perturbations is zero at the target location and maximum in a surrounding shell. This is unlike the deep-focusing amplitude measurements, which have maximum sensitivity at the target point. We compare the signal-to-noise ratio for traveltime and amplitude measurements for different types of sound-speed perturbations, under the assumption that noise is solely due to the random excitation of the waves. We find that, for highly localized perturbations in sound speed, the signal-to-noise ratio is higher for amplitude measurements than for traveltime measurements. We conclude that amplitude measurements are a useful complement to travel-time measurements in time-distance helioseismology.

This paper deals with numerical modeling of two-phase liquid jet breakup using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method. Simulation of multiphase flows involving fluids with a high-density ratio causes large pressure gradients at the interface and subsequently divergence of numerical solutions. A modified procedure extended by Monaghan and Rafiee is employed to stabilize the sharp interface between the fluids. Various test cases such as Rayleigh–Taylor instability, two-phase still water and air bubble rising in water have been conducted, by which the capability of accurately capturing the physics of multiphase flows is verified. The results of these simulations are in a good agreement with analytical and previous numerical solutions. Finally, the simulation of the breakup process of liquid jet into surrounding air is accomplished. The whole numerical solutions are accomplished for both Wendland and cubic spline kernel functions and Wendland kernel function gave more accurate results. Length of liquid breakup in Rayleigh regime is calculated for various flow conditions such as different Reynolds and Weber numbers. The results of breakup length demonstrate in satisfactory agreement with the experimental correlation. Finally, impinging distance and breakup length of a simple multijet setup are analyzed. The two-jet multijet has a longer breakup length than a three-jet one.