Background: Heart is one of the essential body organs whose deviation from its normal function leads to abnormal heart rate, including bradycardia and tachycardia and may cause cardiac Arrhythmia. Objectives: The purpose of the present study is to examine the effects of 8 weeks Pilates, walking, and combined Pilates and walking exercise on heart Arrhythmia. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 30 female patients with tachycardia aging 24 to 59 years old in Zahedan were selected and categorized into three distinct Pilates, walking, and combined Pilates and walking groups (10 people per group). The training program was eight weeks, three sessions per week, with a 60% to 70% maximal heart rate. Resting heart rate (RHR) was measured with electrocardiography (ECG). Resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure was measured using a digital gauge in three different steps, the first step of the measurement was performed 24 hours before doing exercise, the second one at the end of the fourth week, and the last one at the end of the eighth week. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), repeated measure ANOVA, Bonferroni post hoc test by the statistical package in social science (SPSS) software version 20. Results: The results demonstrated that RHR decreased at the end of the eighth week of Pilates (P < 0.01), walking (P < 0.05), and combined Pilates and walking (P < 0.001). Resting systolic blood pressure decreased at the end of the eighth week of the Pilates, walking, and combined walking and Pilates. Resting diastolic blood pressure also reduced after walking, and combined Pilates and walking exercise. Conclusions: The results showed that RHR, systolic, and diastolic blood pressure significantly decreased after eight weeks of training in Pilates, walking, and combined training groups. Therefore, it seems that all three physical activity models can substantially decrease the resting blood pressure and are not superior to each other. Pilates training is likely to be more effective in reducing the heart rate of patients with cardiac tachycardia compared to the walking and combined training groups.

Background The hippocampus, as one of the most critical regions of the brain, is significantly affected by exercise. The primary purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of six weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and inhibition of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on gene expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and serine/threonine type 2 kinase protein (mTORC2) in hippocampal tissue of male Wistar rats. Methods Thirty-two healthy male Wistar rats (8 weeks of age) were randomly assigned to one of four groups: control, CGRP inhibition, HIIT+CGRP inhibition, or HIIT. The CGRP inhibition group received 0.25 mg/kg/day of antibody intraperitoneally. The animals in the training groups underwent high-intensity interval training (HIIT, ten 2-minute work bouts per day at 22 m/min interspersed by 2-minute rest periods, five days/week). Real-time PCR (2-ΔΔCT) and one-way ANOVA were employed to measure the expression of genes and analyze the data, respectively. Results HIIT significantly enhanced VEGF (p≤0.002) and mTORC2 (p≤0.006) gene expression in the hippocampal tissue compared to the control group. HIIT+CGRP inhibition resulted in a substantial increase in VEGF expression compared to the control group (p≤0.007). While HIIT+CGRP inhibition significantly lowered mTORC2 gene expression (p≤0.001), HIIT alone did not (p≤0.001). Conclusions HIIT-induced physiological alterations in the hippocampus can improve the brain’s functional status via upregulation of VEGF and mTORC2 gene expression as an effective non-pharmacological method. Additionally, HIIT+CGRP inhibition may represent a new approach via the VEGF and mTORC2 pathways in the hippocampus.

Purpose. To study the effects of a six-week endurance training protocol and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) inhibition on the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and protein kinase B (PKB) or AKT expression in the hippocampal tissue of male Wistar rats. Main Methods. Building on a controlled experimental design with a posttest, 28 healthy Wistar male rats were randomly assigned to four groups ( n = 7 per group), including control, control+CGRP inhibition, endurance training, and endurance training+CGRP inhibition groups. The training groups were trained for six weeks. Rats in the CGRP inhibition group received CGRP receptor antagonist daily (0.25 mg/kg) via intravenous (IV) injection. The Nrf2 and AKT (PKB) expression was measured using the real-time PCR technique. Results. In the endurance training group, Nrf2 expression in the hippocampal tissue was increased significantly more than in other groups ( P < 0.05 ). There was also a significant increase in the AKT expression in the endurance training group compared to the control group ( P = 0.048 ) and in the endurance training+CGRP inhibition compared to the control group ( P = 0.012 ). In addition, there was no significant relationship between AKT (PKB) and Nrf2 ( r = − 0.27 , n = 28 , P = 0.16 ). Conclusion. Endurance training alone has been able to increase Nrf2 and AKT (PKB) mRNA levels in the hippocampal tissue, considering that endurance training had no significant effect on AKT and Nrf2 expression after adding to CGRP inhibition.

Introduction: N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) is one of the leading causes of synaptic formability. This study aimed to investigate the effect of ginseng supplementation and aerobic exercise on NMDA levels in non-athlete female students. Materials and Methods:In this quasi-experimental study, the statistical population included all female students aged 15 to 18 years in Zahedan (Iran). Among the eligible individuals, 48 were selected voluntarily and purposefully and were randomly divided into four groups: "Exercise," "Exercise + Supplement," "Supplement," and "Control." The training protocol included six weeks of running in the gym for 25 to 40 minutes. Exercise intensity was 60 to 70% of the reserve heart rate. Subjects in the supplement groups received 500 mg of ginseng daily (250 mg in the morning and 250 mg in the afternoon). In the pre-test stage, five ccs of blood were taken from the right arm vein of each subject. Then, 48 hours after the end of the intervention (end of the sixth week), sampling of the participants was repeated in conditions similar to the pre-test stage. ELISA measured plasma NMDA levels. Data were analyzed by twoway analysis of variance, Bonferroni post hoc test, and paired t-test, and the significance level of P<0.05 was considered.Results: NMDA levels increased significantly after six weeks of aerobic exercise and ginseng supplementation in the exercise + supplement group compared to the other groups. In addition, the levels of NMDA in the same group (Exercise + Supplement) showed a significant increase compared to the pre-test after six weeks of exercise and ginseng supplementation (p=0.001). Also, the N-methyl D-aspartate index increased in the exercise, Exercise + Supplement, and supplement groups compared to baseline values (p=0.001). In contrast, no change in this index was observed in the control group. Conclusion:Aerobic exercise and ginseng supplementation significantly improve NMDA level in non-athlete girls.