The article discusses the study of the process of thermochemical processing of sunflower husk into liquid, solid and gaseous products. According to the statistics provided by Rosstat, sunflower is the traditional largest agricultural oil crop in Russia. To date, the gross seed collection of about 12 million tons per year. In the process of industrial production of sunflower oil during the entire production cycle, a large amount of plant waste, including husk seeds. Currently, there are many areas for the use of sunflower husk, the main of which is the production of feed additives for cattle. However, the presented areas of industrial application do not allow to fully process this valuable resource into cost-effective products, which leads to its accumulation. Analysis of the physical properties of sunflower husk showed a high calorific value of this biomass due to the high lignin content. Sunflower husk has a low ash content. These facts indicate the possibility of effectively using the husks as raw materials for the production of coal briquettes, liquid biofuels and gaseous products by the thermochemical method. Using standard techniques, the properties and chemical composition of selected samples of sunflower husk were determined. In order to identify the optimal parameters for the maximum yield of liquid and solid products of pyrolysis of sunflower husk, the experimental ways were determined dependences of the yield of products on the temperature of thermal decomposition. The study of the thermal decomposition of sunflower husk was carried out in isothermal conditions at temperatures of 450, 500, 550 and 600 ° C. The experiments were carried out in a periodic pyrolysis reactor of plant biomass. The results of studies on the yield of process products from the temperature of thermal decomposition of sunflower husk showed that the maximum yield of liquid product up to 43% occurs at a temperature of 550 ° C, and that of a solid product up to 35% at a temperature of 450 ° C. A further increase in the temperature of the pyrolysis process leads to an increase in the yield of the gaseous product.

Введение. В последнее десятилетие в России наметились современные тенденции по обеспечению стабильности развития на основе бережного расходования имеющихся ресурсов, рационального природопользования, экологической безопасности производств и т. д. Наиболее активно обсуждаются актуальные проблемы обеспечения целесообразного расходования природных запасов, энергосбережения и открытия новых источников энергии [1][2]. Растительная биомасса представляет собой перспективный, экологически безопасный и альтернативный источник возобновляемой энергии [3].Существенной проблемой сельскохозяйственного комплекса является низкая эффективность использования вторичных сырьевых ресурсов. Так при производстве подсолнечного масла происходит обрушивание масличных семян для разрушения оболочки (лузги) с целью последующего ее отделения от ядра. Лузга содержит вещества (клетчатка, воски и т.д.), наличие которых в шроте и масле крайне нежелательно. По данным Росстата, в РФ в 2018 г. было собрано почти 13 млн т семян подсолнечника, что привело к накоплению до 1,8-3,2 млн т лузги. Маслоперерабатывающие предприятия несут постоянные затраты по PROCESSING SUNFLOWER HUSK INTO HIGH STRENGTH COAL BRIQUETTES Tuntsev D.V., Kharkov V.V., Kuznetsov M.G. Abstract. An urgent problem of the modern agro-industrial complex is the low efficiency of the use of secondary raw materials. On the basis of Rosstat data, in 2018 almost 13 million tons of sunflower seeds were collected in the country, which led to the accumulation of up to 1.8-3.2 million tons of husk, which is the ballast component of the technology for producing sunflower oil. Oil refineries continuously bear the costs of storage, safety, and the removal and disposal of such waste in landfills. Sunflower husk has a high calorific value, so thermochemical processing methods allow for the integrated processing of unclaimed raw materials of plant origin with moderate capital costs in energy and various chemical products. An experimental laboratory setup for conductive pyrolysis of plant materials has been developed to produce highstrength coal briquettes. The advantages of conductive heat feed pyrolysis reactors are simplicity of design and ease of maintenance. The results of a pilot study of the conductive pyrolysis process of sunflower husk showed that the obtained coal briquettes have a low ash content (6.2%), their maximum yield (29%) was achieved at a pressing pressure of 25 kg/ cm 2 , and the maximum density of the samples was 1139 kg/cm 3 (pressing pressure 153 kg/cm 2 ). It was found that an increase in pressing pressure from 20 to 150 kg/cm 2 leads to an increase in the density of coal briquettes by 16%, and the maximum value of compression pressure is 566 kg/cm 2 . Also, at a compaction pressure of more than 50 kg/cm 2 , the impact resistance index during discharge reaches 100%. The developed technology provides a large mass yield of coal briquettes with high quality characteristics, which indicates the promise of utilizing sunflower husk by conductive pyrolysis in the fuel feed for the me...

The purpose of the work consists in the development of a simulation model of pad geometrical parameters and in definition of optimum modes for the method developed for the electric-arc direct layer growth of metal parts. The formation of a simulation model was carried out with the aid of CONSOL Multiphysics program complex. The result processing of experimental investigations was carried out by means of Compass-3D software support. For the definition of geometrical parameters of the pad grown there were welded samples with a consumable electrode in the environment of protective gases. Further there were microsections made of each sample in the transverse direction. The microsections cut out were ground, polished with the use of ASM 10/7 NVL diamond paste. For the definition of the microstructure the microsections were etched in 4% alcoholic solution of nitric acid. The results obtained of the pad geometrical parameters are well correlated with experimental data. The error makes some 1…3%. On the basis of the model offered there is defined an optimum range for modes of electric-arc layer growth ensuring the required pad geometrical parameters. A pad height makes 3mm, a pad width – 3.5mm.