The paper reviews how forced oscillation techniques (FOT) for measuring respiratory input impedance Zrs,in have recently been used in clinical applications. Zrs,in is clinically relevant, as it provides data on both the resistive, Rrs, and nonresistive, Xrs, components of the respiratory system. Additionally, when excitatory test signals extending into low- (<4 Hz) or high-frequency (>100 Hz) ranges are used, reliable partitioning of lung tissue from airway components is feasible. Adult and paediatric studies examining the use of Zrs,in for routine lung-function assessment, sleep and mechanical ventilation are reviewed. For clinicians, Zrs,in repeatable and sensitive to airway resistance. It is helpful for assessing unco-operative and severely obstructed patients, for monitoring mechanics during artificial ventilation and for tracking airway closure during sleep studies. For paediatricians, longitudinal studies of the growth and development of the respiratory system can also be made using Zrs,in. Forced oscillation techniques, however, require further standardisation, and Zrs,in is limited by upper-airway shunt artifacts. In conclusion, measurement of Zrs,in using FOT is an important and sophisticated non-invasive lung-function test, showing good potential for future clinical applications.

Palate re-repair has been shown to be effective in treating VPI following cleft palate repair, both in patients who have not had an intravelar veloplasty and those who have had a previous attempt at muscle dissection and retropositioning. Palate re-repair has a lower morbidity and is more physiological than a pharyngoplasty or pharyngeal flap.

Repair of the muscle abnormality in SMCP is recommended as the first line of treatment in most cases.

Background The 3D‐Transit electromagnet tracking system (Motilis Medica, SA, Lausanne, Switzerland) is an emerging tool for the ambulatory assessment of gastrointestinal (GI) transit and motility. Using this tool, we aimed to derive normative values for region‐specific colonic and GI transit times and to assess the influence of age, gender, and body mass index (BMI). Methods Regional and total colonic transit times (CTT), gastric emptying (GET), small intestinal (SITT), and whole gut (WGTT) transit times were extracted from 111 healthy volunteers from the United Kingdom and Denmark (58 female; median age: 40 years [range: 21‐88]). The effects of age, gender, and BMI were assessed using standard statistical methods. Key Results The ascending, transverse, descending, and rectosigmoid colon transit times accounted for 32%, 34%, 17%, and 17% of total CTT in females, and 33%, 25%, 14%, and 28% of total CTT in males. CTT and WGTT were seen to cluster at intervals separated by approximately 24 hours, providing further evidence of the non‐continuous nature of these measurements. Increasing age was associated with longer CTT (P = .021), WGTT (P < .001) ascending (P = .004), transverse (P < .001), and total right (P < .001) colon transit times, but shorter rectosigmoid (P = .004) transit time. Female gender was significantly associated with longer transverse (P = .049) and descending (P < .001) colon transit times, but shorter rectosigmoid (P < .001) transit time. Increasing BMI was significantly associated with shorter WGTT (P = .012). Conclusions and Inferences For the first time, normative reference values for region‐specific colonic transit have been presented. Age, gender, and BMI were seen to have an effect on transit times.