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Growth and development traits are economically important in animal production, especially in pig breeding. Therefore, the porcine GHRL gene is considered as a candidate gene responsible for growth rate and body weight. The aim of our study was to identify new polymorphisms in the GHRL gene in pig. Ten novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP's) were detected: four substitutions in exons, four in introns and two mutations in promoter region. We evaluated the GHRL mRNA abundance in porcine stomachs (fundus ventriculis) and ghrelin protein concentration in plasma in three breeds: Polish Landrace, Polish Large White and Pietrain. The results showed that transcript abundance of GHRL gene was significantly higher in Polish Landrace than in other two breeds (P<0.05). The mutation c.-93A>G located in the promoter region affected expression of the GHRL gene. The AA genotype animals showed a significantly (P<0.05) higher expression level when compared to AG genotype animals.

NATONEK-WINIEWSKA M., S£OTA E., KALISZ B. 2010. Use of cytochrome b polymorphism for species identification of biological material derived from cattle, sheep, goats, roe deer and red deer. Folia biol. (Kraków) #&: 47-50. The objective of this study was species identification of the following biological trace material: skin, blood stains, meat samples and jawbone with a tooth, which were the subject of expert opinion ordered by a court. The expert appraisement was conducted by an analysis of a cytochrome b fragment. The choice of mtDNA fragment for analysis was based on its conservation in mammals which enabled several farm and wild species to be identified with one pair of primers. The PCR product was differentiated by Tsp509I and AluI enzymes. Due to problems with amplification of roe deer DNA, primers specific to this species only, flanking a cytochrome b fragment (Y14951.1), were designed. On the basis of this analysis, it was concluded that the skin sample was derived from a goat, dried blood from a roe deer, the jawbone from cattle, and two meat samples from a roe deer and red deer. This method allowed rapid and efficient identification of several species of mammals using diverse biological material.

This preliminary study aimed to differentiate domestic pigs from wild boars based on MC1R and NR6A1 polymorphisms and to identify admixture between these genomes. We studied samples obtained from wild boars from two regions of Poland and five pig breeds: Polish Landrace, Polish Large White, Złotnicka White, Pulawska and Duroc. Along the MC1R gene sequence, we identified four polymorphic loci comprising three codons. The “wild type” allele was primarily found in wild boar but also in the Duroc and Złotnicka White breeds. Non-wild type alleles were identified in the vast majority of domestic pig samples and in two wild boar samples. Based on MC1R profiles, we conducted a population study, and revealed admixture between both genomes using STRUCTURE and NETWORK Software. Interestingly, an allelic discrimination assay with NR6A1 g.748C > T TaqMan probes revealed a clear separation of samples into two groups: wild boar samples representing the C allele and domestic breeds representing the T allele. Based on the obtained results, we conclude that NR6A1 g.748C > T is an effective marker for differentiating between wild boars and domestic pigs, where this is supported by MC1R data, to identify admixed profiles. We recommend that a larger sample of genomes is studied to verify this method.