Human skin is a habitat to a variety of microbes that, along with their host genetic material, make up microbiome of the human skin. The composition of the microbiota in the gut and skin is influenced by many factors, such as life stage, nutrition, lifestyle and gender. Recently, there is more and more discussions about the increasing role of the microbiome in the development of other diseases. According to many studies, any changes in the skin microbiota are associated with the development of several dermatoses. Better understanding of the human microbiome and its interactions with the immune system could help us understand many diseases as well as could have an impact on the development of some new therapeutic methods. In this article, the current knowledge on the skin microbiome and its influence on the development of alopecia areata will be discussed. Alopecia areata (AA) is caused by an autoimmune process that destroys the hair follicles. The exact pathogenesis is unknown, but the triggering factors include: immune disorders, environmental exposures, genetic predisposition, and possibly the microbiome.

Cytomegalovirus is one of the most widespread DNA viruses, with 90% of women of childbearing age in Poland infected with it. Infection poses a risk to the mother as well as the fetus, as the virus can cross the placenta and damage the fetus. The purpose of this paper is to review scientific publications from 2017-2022, which describe the course of cytomegalovirus infection in pregnant women, the risks to the mother and fetus associated with the infection, methods of diagnosing the infection in the pregnant woman and the fetus, as well as treatment of cytomegalovirus infection and directions for vaccine research. The most common complications of congenital cytomegalovirus infection include hearing loss, mental developmental delays and miscarriage. The infection can be detected in the pregnant woman by immunological testing, while polymerase chain reaction is used in the fetus and newborn. Early detection of infection in a pregnant woman allows the implementation of treatment which includes ganciclovir, valganciclovir, acyclovir and valacyclovir. A vaccine against cytomegalovirus has not been developed. Particularly important in the prevention of infection is to conduct educational activities regarding the routes of transmission of the virus and the consequences of congenital infection for the fetus. Cytomegalovirus infections among pregnant women. It is important to monitor fetal development and possibly diagnose for congenital CMV infection in case of abnormalities, and the best diagnostic method is polymerase chain reaction testing. For the treatment of congenital CMV infection, acyclovir and valacyclovir are preferred, and therapy should be implemented for specific indications. Attention should be paid to educating women about infections caused by cytomegalovirus.

The discovery of mRNA by Sydney Brenner dates back to 1961, but the in vivo expression of mRNA was successful only in 1990, which initiated the development of vaccines based on this molecule. During Sars-CoV-2 pandemy the interest in the use of nucleic acids in the production of drugs and vaccines has increased significantly. The success of mRNA vaccines against Sars-CoV-2 has particularly empowered the pharmaceutical industry to create newer and newer generation products based on RNA modification that could help not only in Covid-2019, but also in the prevention and treatment of other infectious diseases. RNA has a very high potential - it can be used in highly personalized therapies, furthermore the production of mRNA is cheaper, faster than the current therapeutics and the process of mRNA making is more flexible due to the great ease of producing mRNA in the process of transcription. Modifying of the structure of ribonucleic acid and the methods of its delivery leads to the creation of newer and newer vaccines. In this review, we present the potential of RNA molecule in producing vaccines, types of RNA vaccines, strategies of RNA delivery and review of existing RNA-based vaccines.

Background: Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological malignant neoplasm, which occurs in the majority of cases postmenopausally. The current standard of treatment is surgical - total hysterectomy.  However, it may also occur in younger patients, who are planning pregnancy and want to choose fertility-sparing treatment. For those patients oral high dose progestin therapy with or without hysteroscopic resection should be proposed. It is usually a good option for women with well-differentiated (G1) cancers. For patients with higher grade (G2, G3) or contraindications to progestins, fertility-sparing treatment of endometrial cancer seems impossible. Case report: We present the case of a 34-year old woman diagnosed gynecologically due to abnormal bleeding from the genital tract. Based on USG, she was diagnosed with endometrial polyp. As a treatment, hysteroscopic resection was performed. In the histopathological evaluation G2 endometrial cancer was diagnosed. The standard approach would be a total hysterectomy, but the patient was interested in fertility-sparing options. Due to contraindications to progestins a total hysteroscopic resection was performed counseling the patient about the risks of a novel approach. Histopathology revealed no residual disease and no other lesions during the first year of observations occurred. Conclusion: Total hysteroscopic resection without further progestin therapy may offer the possibility to treat G2 endometrial cancer despite contraindications to the administration of progestins. Our case report should also encourage further evaluation of fertility-sparing management of endometrial cancer with higher than G1 grade.