INTROduCTION In numerous countries legislation has been put in place allowing citizens to appoint persons authorized to make medical decisions on their behalf, should the principal lose such decision-making capacity. ObjECTIvEs The paper aimed to prepare a draft proposal of legal regulations introducing into Polish legislation the institution of the health care agent. PATIENTs ANd mEThOds The draft proposal has been grounded in 6 expertise workshops, in conjunction with several online debates. REsuLTs The right to appoint a health care agent should apply to all persons of full legal capacity, and to minors over 16 years of age. Every non-legally incapacitated adult person would be eligible to be appointed a health care agent. Appointment of substitute agents should also be legally provided for. The prerogatives of health care agents would come into effect upon the principals' loss of their decisionmaking capacity, or upon the principals' waiving their right to be provided with pertinent information on their health status. The health care agents would make decisions in all matters pertaining to medical treatment, while remaining under no obligation to perform any hands-on caring duties for their principals. The term of medical power-of-attorney should be discretionary, while its revocation or resignation should be possible at any time. In the event of health care agents' inactivity, or in the event that their actions should appear contrary to the principals' best interests, an attending physician should notify a pertinent court of law whose prerogatives would facilitate revocation of a medical power-of-attorney. CONCLusIONs Statutory appointment of a health care agent allows every citizen to appoint in this capacity a person who, to the best of his or her knowledge, would best represent his or her interests in the event that the principal should ultimately lose the capacity to make medical decisions on his or her own behalf.

The authors discuss the antecedents to recent changes in Poland's guardianship laws. These include a review of: (1) historical procedures in place for adjudicating incapacity; (2) research carried out in 2000 on the initiative of the Polish Association for Persons with Mental Handicap (PAPMH) on judicial practices in Polish courts with respect to adjudicating persons with intellectual disabilities (ID) as legally incapable; and (3) a successful lobbying campaign conducted by the PAPMH to institute changes in the law. The research involved a review by law students of 393 cases of capacity adjudications conducted between 1998 and 2000 in six district courts in various parts of Poland. The review revealed extensive irregularities in judicial practice, including that: (1) decisions about legal incapacity were based only on opinions given by psychiatrists without accompanying psychological assessments; (2) almost in all cases "total legal incapacity" was declared, often without considering the intellectual and social functioning of the person; (3) the procedural rights of persons with ID were often violated, especially as they were absent during the hearings; and (4) adjudication of "total incapacity" was treated as permanent, with poor judicial control over guardians and imposition of barriers for the "incapable person" to appeal the process to change or remove guardianship. Following the review, the results were used by the PAPMH to initiate a political lobbying campaign to have the legal basis for the process changed. Upon the instigation of the Polish Ombudsman, the Ministry of Justice initiated further investigations to validate the PAPMH's findings. Following validation, the PAPMH filed two legal challenges before the Constitutional Tribunal, which then found two government regulations concerning the legal incapacity procedure and practice unconstitutional. In 2007, the verdicts of the Tribunal were followed by legislative changes in the Polish Code of Civil Procedure dealing with the judicial process for declaring legal incapacity and contemporizing guardianship procedures.

W artykule omówiono regulacje ustawy o dostępności cyfrowej stron internetowych i aplikacji mobilnych podmiot w publicznych. Przeanalizowano także Dyrektywę unijną, w związku z którą akt ten został wydany, oraz Decyzje wykonawcze Komisji, które stanowią do niego akty wykonawcze. Dostępność do stron internetowych w szczególności ma być zapewniona osobom z różnymi niepełnosprawnościami, co wprost wynika z norm technicznych, zaakceptowanych zarówno przez prawo unijne, jak i prawo polskie. W tekście przykładowo omówiono te skomplikowane normy techniczne, wskazując ich aspekt ochronny wobec osób z niepełnosprawnościami. Przedstawiono również procedurę, jaką mogą wykorzystać osoby z niepełnosprawnościami, by zgłaszać strony niedostępne oraz domagać się zapewnienia ich dostępności lub dostępu alternatywnego, realizując w ten sposób swoje prawo do dostępności cyfrowej zapewnione przez Konwencję ONZ o Prawach Osób z Niepełnosprawnościami, ale także zapewniając sobie aktywny udział w tworzeniu rzeczywistości cyfrowej coraz bardziej dostępnej dla wszystkich użytkowników.

Tekst prezentuje regulacje dotyczące kwestii, czy i kiedy podejrzany jest zobligowany do uczestniczenia w postępowaniach w przedmiocie zastosowania i przedłużania środka zabezpieczającego w postaci pobytu w zakładzie psychiatrycznym. Jeśli chodzi o postępowanie w przedmiocie zastosowania tego środka, to w szczególności rozważane jest zagadnienie, czy obecność podejrzanego pozostaje zawsze faktycznie obowiązkowa, jeśli biegli psychiatrzy stwierdzili w opinii, iż nie może on brać udziału w czynnościach lub, że jego udział w czynnościach jest niewskazany. Odnośnie zaś do postępowania wykonawczego, to postawione zostało pytanie, czy obecność osoby, wobec której stosowany jest taki środek, winna być obligatoryjna czy zależeć wyłącznie od jej woli.   This paper presents regulations concerning the issue of whether and when the insane suspect is obliged to participate in proceedings concerning the application and extension of a precautionary measure in the form of a stay in a psychiatric institution. Regarding the procedure related to the application of this measure, the studied question is whether the presence of an insane suspect is in fact always obligatory if psychiatrists have stated that she cannot take part in the court activities or that her participation in these activities is inadvisable for her health. As for the enforcement proceedings, the main issue analyzed in this paper is whether the presence of the person against whom such a measure is applied should be always obligatory or should it depend solely on her will.

The article presents the rules of intestacy under Polish law of succession. It shows who inherits the property of a decedent with intellectual disability and what part of that property depending on the number of related heirs and the degree of kinship. Since these rules are very complex, they are presented with numerous examples. The situation of both biological and adoptive family is discussed as well as the rules of intestacy when there is no family. The article also points out the procedure used in the case of intestate heirs who should not inherit from the testator due to their behavior toward the testator, that is the rule of unworthiness to inherit. intestacy, intestate heir, share in the estate, unworthiness