This study aimed to investigate and compare the total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of different extracts recovered from Date Palm Pollen collected from Tunisian cultivars of Kerkennah (DPP-K) and Tozeur (DPP-T) using various solvents, including hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol and water. The results revealed that DPP-T had higher TPC than DPP-K for all solvent extracts, except for hexane, with a value of 237.74 ± 9.58 mg GAE/g for the water extract. The highest level of TFC (75.10 ± 4.37 mg QE/g) was recorded in the acetone DPP-T extract, which was about twice as high as that of DPP-K. A total of eight phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in both extracts by HPLC, namely gallic acid, catechin, caffeic acid, epicatechin, vanillic acid, coumarin, quercitin and rutin. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were screened using DPPH and β-carotene bleaching assays. The results indicated that the DPP-T acetone extract showed the best DPPH scavenging activity (IC 50 = 46.56 ± 0.28 µg/ml), with no activity being recorded for DPP-K. The DPP-T extract also showed significant effects in terms of the β-carotene test (28.12 ± 0.04 µg/ml) when compared to BHT as a reference standard. The extracts were screened for antimicrobial activity against 10 bacterial and 7 fungal strains, and the results showed that ethyl acetate DPP-K extract exhibited the strongest activity against L. monocytogenes and that the S. aureus strain was most sensitive to DPP-T, with MIC and MBC values of 0.98 mg/ml and 1.95 mg/ml, respectively. Both DPP-T and DPP-K showed strong inhibition effects on the growth of F. oxysporum. Further time kill assays demonstrated the potency of DPP-K and DPP-T ethyl acetate extracts to inhibit the growth of L. monocytogenes and S. aureus, respectively.Overall, the findings suggest that DPP could be considered a promising source of new natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agents for use in various food and pharmaceutical products and formulations. This suggested that the DPP extract is a good potential inhibitor of food 3 spoiling microbial growth and could be a highly effective therapeutic choice for human and plant infections.

This work has been performed to ascertain that extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) is free of adulteration. For this purpose, refined pomace olive oils (RPOOs) are commonly used for extra-virgin olive oil adulteration and repassed olive oils (ROOs) are used for lampante olive oil (LOO) fraudulent operation. Indeed, fatty acid ethyl esters could be used as a parameter for the detection of EVOO fraud with 2% RPOO. The addition of >10% RPOO to EVOO would be detected by the amount of erythrodiol, uvaol, waxes, and aliphatic alcohols. Moreover, the use of stigmasta-3,5-diene content proved to be effective in EVOO adulteration even at a low level (with 1% RPOO). For the detection of adulteration of LOO with >5% ROO, the sum of erythrodiol, uvaol, and the waxes and esters can be considered as good markers of purity. Using linear discriminant analysis can identify the most discriminant variable that allows a faster and cheaper evaluation of extra-virgin olive oil adulteration by measuring only these variables.

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