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This paper addresses the problem of mobility in large scale wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Our objective is to propose an improved routing algorithm based on LEACH protocol when the nodes are mobile. We, firstly, redefine the analytical energy model when nodes are mobile. According to this model, we calculate the corresponding nodes' energies and the round time length for both mobile single-hop and multihop LEACH. Based on these new metrics, our algorithm is not only appropriate but also energy-efficient for mobile WSNs. Simulation results prove that the proposed algorithm improve mobile LEACH and mobile multi-hop LEACH in terms of network lifetime, energy consumption and data throughput.

Reducing energy consumption is a key challenge in the design of any routing protocol dedicated to wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In this study, the authors introduce a new low energy consumption protocol based on a cooperative relaying technique. The proposed protocol is called distributed cooperative relaying low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (DCR-LEACH) protocol, and is a way of improving the LEACH protocol. The authors have exploited cooperative relaying transmission techniques, in order to enhance LEACH for large-scale WSNs, whereby, a cluster head cooperates with the most energetic nodes in order to transmit collected data to the sink. To evaluate the energy efficiency of the proposed DCR-LEACH, they derive the expressions of energy consumption by applying a cooperative relaying technique and simulate the DCR-LEACH using NS-2 for three different scenarios. To confirm the efficiency of the DCR-LEACH protocol, they compare the proposed scheme with both LEACH and multi-hop routing LEACH (MR-LEACH) protocols. The experimental results prove that for large-scale WSNs, the performance of DCR-LEACH protocol is better than MR-LEACH and conventional LEACH in terms of network lifetime, energy consumption, and number of data transmission.