NY-ESO-1 is a germ cell antigen aberrantly expressed by different tumor types that elicits strong humoral and cellular immune responses, representing one of the most promising candidates for vaccination of cancer patients. A detailed analysis of CD8 + T cells generated in vaccine trials using NY-ESO-1-derived peptides (157-165 and 157-167) revealed that the dominant immune response was directed against a cryptic epitope (159-167) diverting the immune response from tumor recognition. Only CTL reactivity to the NY-ESO-1 157-165 peptide appeared to be capable of lysing NY-ESO-1/HLA-A0201-expressing tumor cells. To study the process of NY-ESO-1 peptide presentation by tumor cells in more detail we generated a high-affinity (K D =60 nM) antibody fragment that specifically recognizes the NY-ESO-1 157-165 peptide/HLA-A0201 complex. Peptide variants such as the NY-ESO-1 157-167 peptide or the cryptic NY-ESO-1 159-167 peptide were not recognized. The antibody fragment blocked in a dose-dependent fashion the recognition of NY-ESO-1/HLA-A2-positive tumor cells by NY-ESO-1 157-165 peptide-specific CD8 + T cells. This antibody fragment is a novel reagent that binds with TCR-like specificity to the NY-ESO-1 157-165 /HLA-A2 complex thus distinguishing between CTL responses against immunological meaningful or cryptic NY-ESO-1-derived peptides. It may therefore become a useful monitoring tool for the development of NY-ESO-1-based cancer vaccines.

Vaccine therapy for prostate and breast cancer may have potential for treating these major causes of death in males and females, respectively. Critical to the development of tumor-specific vaccines is finding and characterizing novel antigens to be recognized by CD8 ؉ T cells. To define new CD8؉ T-cell tumor antigens, we determined two wild-type HLA-A2 epitopes from a recently found tumor-associated protein, TARP (T-cell receptor ␥ alternate reading frame protein), expressed in prostate and breast cancer cells. We were also able to engineer epitope-enhanced peptides by sequence modifications. Both wild-type and enhanced epitopes induced peptide-specific CD8 ؉ T-cell responses in A2K b transgenic mice. In vitro restimulation of human CD8؉ T cells from a prostate cancer patient resulted in CD8 ؉ T cells reactive to the peptide epitopes that could lyse HLA-A2؉ human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) expressing TARP. Epitope-specific human CD8؉ T cells were also enumerated in patients' peripheral blood by tetramer staining. Our data suggest that HLA-A2-binding TARP epitopes and enhanced epitopes discovered in this study could be incorporated into a potential vaccine for both breast and prostate cancer.

The advent in recent years of the application of tetrameric arrays of class I peptide-MHC complexes now enables us to detect and study rare populations of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. However, available methods cannot visualize or determine the number and distribution of these TCR ligands on individual cells or detect antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in tissues. Here we describe a new approach that enables study of human class I peptide-MHC ligand-presentation as well as TCR-peptide-MHC interactions. Such studies are facilitated by applying novel tools in the form of peptide-specific, HLA-A2-restricted human recombinant antibodies directed toward a large variety of tumor-associated as well as viral T-cell epitope peptides. Using a large human antibody phage display library, a large panel of recombinant antibodies that are specific for a particular peptide-MHC class I complex in a peptide-dependent, MHC-restricted manner was isolated. These antibodies were used to directly visualize the specific MHC-peptide complex on tumor cells, antigen-presenting cells or virus-infected cells by flow cytometry. They enabled direct quantitation of the number of MHC-peptide complexes as well as in situ detection of the complex on the surface of APCs after naturally occurring active intracellular processing of the cognate antigen. These studies will enable also the development of a new class of targeting molecules to deliver drugs or toxins to tumor or virus-infected cells. Thus, we demonstrate our ability to transform the unique fine specificity but low intrinsic affinity of TCRs into high-affinity soluble antibody molecules endowed with a TCR-like specificity toward human tumor or viral epitopes. These molecules may prove to be crucial useful tools for studying MHC class I antigen presentation in health and disease as well as for therapeutic purposes in cancer, infectious diseases and autoimmune disorders.

MHC class I molecules are important components of immune surveillance. There are no available methods to directly visualize and determine the quantity and distribution of MHC/ peptide complexes on individual cells or to detect such complexes on antigen-presenting cells in tissues. MHC-restricted recombinant antibodies with the same specificity of T cell receptors (TCR) may become a valuable tool to address these questions. They may also serve as valuable targeting molecules that mimic the specificity of cytotoxic T cells. We isolated by phage display a panel of human recombinant Fab antibodies with peptidespecific, MHC-restricted TCR-like reactivity directed toward HLA-A2-restricted T cell epitopes derived from a novel antigen termed TCRc alternative reading frame protein (TARP) which is expressed on prostate and breast cancer cells. We have characterized one of these recombinant antibodies and demonstrated its capacity to directly detect specific HLA-A2/ TARP T cell epitopes on antigen-presenting cells that have complexes formed by naturally occurring active intracellular processing of the antigen, as well as on the surface of tumor cells. Moreover, by genetic fusion we armed the TCR-like antibody with a potent toxin and demonstrated that it can serve as a targeting moiety killing tumor cells in a peptide-specific, MHC-restricted manner similar to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Key words: Immunotoxin Á MHC Á Recombinant antibody Á T-cell receptor IntroductionMost patients with metastatic prostate and breast cancers are provided with the limited benefits from standard chemo-and hormone-based therapies. During the recent years, much effort has been invested in developing new approaches, such as immunotherapy, to improve the therapeutic abilities, by combining the tumor specificity of cell-mediated immunity with the freedom from toxic chemotherapies.Recent immunotherapy approaches employ the principle that CD8 + CTL recognize and kill tumor cells that display peptides from tumor-associated antigens presented by MHC class I molecules. Several tumor antigens and HLA allele-specific peptides from prostate cancer-associated antigens have been identified as CD8 + T cell epitopes, including HLA-A2-binding peptides derived from prostate-specific antigen (PSA) [1,2], prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) [3], prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) [4,5], and prostate acid phosphatase 6, which are all now components of current vaccine trials [5][6][7][8][9][10][11].Identification of new tumor-specific antigens is an essential step for the successful development of immunotherapy ap- [12][13][14]. One of these, T cell receptor gamma alternate reading frame protein (TARP), is expressed on breast and prostate cancer cells [15,16]. It was shown that TARP was expressed on >90% of cancer specimens examined [9,15]. In order to define new breast and prostate CD8 + T cell tumor antigens, two wild-type HLA-A2 epitopes from TARP were identified [17]. The wild-type sequences were also improved by sequence modifications to produce epitopeenha...

Specificity in the immune system is dictated and regulated by specific recognition of peptide/major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) by the T cell receptor (TCR). Such peptide/MHC complexes are a desirable target for novel approaches in immunotherapy because of their highly restricted fine specificity. Recently a potent anti-human p53 CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response has been developed in HLA-A2 transgenic mice after immunization with peptides corresponding to HLA-A2 motifs from human p53. An alpha/beta T-cell receptor was cloned from such CTL which exhibited a moderately high affinity to the human p53(149-157) peptide. In this report, we investigated the possibility of using a recombinant tumor-specific TCR for antigen-specific elimination of cells that express the specific MHC-peptide complex. To this end, we constructed a functional single-chain Fv fragment from the cloned TCR and fused it to a very potent cytotoxic molecule, a truncated form of Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE38). The p53 TCR scFv-P38 fusion protein was generated by in vitro refolding from bacterially-expressed inclusion bodies, and was found to be functional by its ability to bind antigen-presenting cells (APC) which express the specific p53-derived peptide. Moreover, we have shown that the p53-specific TCR scFv-PE38 molecule specifically kills APC in a peptide-dependent manner. These results represent the first time that a TCR-derived recombinant single-chain Fv fragment has been used as a targeting moiety to deliver a cytotoxic effector molecule to cells and has been able to mediate the efficient killing of the particular cell population that expresses the specific MHC/peptide complex. Similarly to antibody-based targeting approaches, TCR with tumor cell specificity represent attractive candidates for generating new, very specific targeting moieties for various modes of cancer immunotherapy.