Brain biopsy is a useful surgical procedure in the management of patients with suspected neoplastic lesions. Its role in neurologic diseases of unknown etiology remains controversial, especially in ICU patients. This study was undertaken to determine the feasibility, safety, and the diagnostic yield of brain biopsy in critically ill patients with neurologic diseases of unknown etiology. We also aimed to compare these endpoints to those of non-ICU patients who underwent a brain biopsy in the same clinical context. DESIGN: Monocenter, retrospective, observational cohort study.
SETTING:A French tertiary center.
PATIENTS:All adult patients with neurologic diseases of unknown etiology under mechanical ventilation undergoing in-ICU brain biopsy between January 2008 and October 2020 were compared with a cohort of non-ICU patients.
INTERVENTIONS: None.MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Among the 2,207 brain-biopsied patients during the study period, 234 biopsies were performed for neurologic diseases of unknown etiology, including 29 who were mechanically ventilated and 205 who were not ICU patients. Specific histological diagnosis and final diagnosis rates were 62.1% and 75.9%, respectively, leading to therapeutic management modification in 62.1% of cases. Meningitis on prebiopsy cerebrospinal fluid analysis was the sole predictor of obtaining a final diagnosis (2.3 [1.4-3.8]; p = 0.02). ICU patients who experienced therapeutic management modification after the biopsy had longer survival (p = 0.03). The grade 1 to 4 (mild to severe) complication rates were: 24.1%, 3.5%, 0%, and 6.9%, respectively. Biopsyrelated mortality was significantly higher in ICU patients compared with non-ICU patients (6.9% vs 0%; p = 0.02). Hematological malignancy was associated with biopsy-related mortality (1.5 [1.01-2.6]; p = 0.04).
CONCLUSIONS:Brain biopsy in critically ill patients with neurologic disease of unknown etiology is associated with high diagnostic yield, therapeutic modifications and postbiopsy survival advantage. Safety profile seems acceptable in most patients. The benefit/risk ratio of brain biopsy in this population should be carefully weighted.
La biopsie cérébrale est une technique de routine dans le diagnostic des tumeurs et des infections du système nerveux central. Sa place dans l’algorithme décisionnel des maladies neurologiques cryptogéniques n’est pas consensuelle et elle n’est généralement discutée qu’après l’échec d’un traitement probabiliste. Elles peuvent être réalisées, en fonction de la localisation des lésions cérébrales et du type de prélèvement nécessaire, soit par stéréotaxie, soit par craniotomie. La rentabilité diagnostique dans les suspicions de tumeurs intracérébrales peut aller jusqu’à 98%. Dans les maladies neurologiques cryptogéniques, la rentabilité diagnostique dépasse les 60-70% avec un impact thérapeutique chez plus de 75% des malades. Le taux de complications symptomatique est faible, mais plus important chez les malades sous ventilation mécanique. La mortalité directement attribuable à la biopsie était de 6% dans la seule étude portant sur les malades de réanimation. L’indication de la biopsie cérébrale doit donc être le fruit d’un processus décisionnel précis, au cours d’une réunion de concertation pluridisciplinaire dédiée. Une RCP nationale d’urgence vient d’être mise en place sous l’égide de la filière des maladies rares neurologiques BRAIN-TEAM, avec pour vocation de se réunir uniquement en urgence pour valider la réalisation d’une biopsie cérébrale, notamment chez les malades de réanimation.
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