Counseling with either test had similar effects on STD incidence. For some persons, counseling with standard testing may be more effective than counseling with rapid testing.

According to the Stages of Change (SOC) model, behavioural change involves a process of movement from precontemplation (no intention to change), to contemplation (some intention to change, but no behaviour), to preparation (intention to change and early inconsistent behavioural attempts to change), to action (consistent behavioural performance for less than six months) and finally, to maintenance (consistent behavioural performance for six months or more). Moreover, it is argued that cognitive (e.g. attitude change) and action oriented (e.g. changing self-efficacy) strategies are differentially effective at different stages. In contrast, most other behavioural prediction and change models suggest that both cognitive and action oriented approaches are necessary to move people from precontemplation to contemplation (i.e. to develop intentions). This paper tests this and other differences between these two theoretical approaches. Among other findings, our data indicate that a combination of cognitive and action strategies may be the most effective way to target individuals who have no intention to change their behaviour.

This study reexamines the use of the bogus pipeline as a means of enhancing self-reports of cigarette smoking among adolescent subjects who have been measured previously. Ninth graders who had been measured four times previously and eighth graders who had been measured twice previously were either put under the bogus pipeline condition through the concurrent collection of saliva and questionnaire data or were not put under this condition and simply completed the questionnaire with normal guarantees of confidentiality. Predicted differences in self-reports between groups were not observed. Overall, subjects who were asked to provide specimens reacted negatively to the biological monitoring, with a sizeable proportion refusing to participate. The value of the bogus pipeline as a technique for increasing the accuracy of self-reports among older and previously tested adolescents is questioned.Early tobacco prevention researchers were suspicious of young subjects' willingness to report their tobacco use history honestly. Tobacco use by adolescents may be perceived as a taboo behavior by many young subjects, who thus may be unwilling to report their own use of tobacco. This may be especially true if data, which are collected by researchers unknown to the subjects, could conceivably be used against them. As a means of countering this predilection to deception, Evans, Hansen, and Mittelmark (1977) proposed collecting saliva, which could be used to verify smoking via analysis for nicotine concurrently with the administration of self-report questionnaires. This study, along with several that have followed (Bauman & Dent, 1982;Luepker et al., 1981) showed selfreports of tobacco use to increase dramatically (as much as 100%) when the threat-of-detection procedure was instituted.As a consequence of these reports, tobacco use prevention researchers have routinely instituted saliva or breath collection as an integral component of data collection, primarily for the purpose of increasing the accuracy of self-reports. While cotinine, thiocyanate, or nicotine determinations from saliva, or carbon monoxide determinations from expired alveolar air can be valuable in and This research was funded by a contract from the State of California, Department of Health Services, Contract Number 84-84148.Requests for reprints should be addressed to William

Findings confirm the importance of considering anal intercourse when assessing STI/HIV risk in MSM and heterosexual women.