Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common mental disorders affecting children. ADHD knowledge among teachers helps managing such children. This study aimed to assess the knowledge regarding ADHD of children among school teachers at Lalitpur, Nepal. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 124 primary school teachers in 19 government schools of Lalitpur Metropolitan City. A standard tool “Knowl­edge of Attention Deficit Disorders Scale (KADDS)” was used, which is valid and reliable tool designed by Sciutto and colleagues. Data were collected from 2017/06/20 to 2017/07/20. Data were analyzed using descriptive (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (chi square test) for frequency distribution and association between levels of knowledge regarding ADHD with selected variables. Results: Eighty-five (68.5%) female and 39 (31.5%) male teachers with the mean age 41.85 ± 8.80 years (range 18 to 58 years) were enrolled. Majority teachers were married (94.4%) and from urban area (75%) with bachelor’s degree (37.9%) as their educational qualification and 11 to 20 years of teaching experiences (42.74%). The significant influencing variables were educational qualification (p = 0.009), type of service (p = 0.018), teaching experiences (p = 0.002), in-service education on ADHD (p = 0.004) and experience with ADHD students (p = 0.001). The study showed that 94 (75.8%) teachers had poor knowledge. Conclusions: It was concluded that three fourth of the teachers had poor knowledge about ADHD. Teachers knowledge will help to identify, refer and help in management of children with ADHD.

Sulfate (1500  mg/L) reduction and glucose (1870  mg/L) degradation was examined in the presence of five varying linoleic acid (LA) levels (100  –  1000  mg/L) at 37  ±  2°C and pH 7·0  –  7·2. The sulfate reduction and methane formation data suggest that LA selectively inhibited methane producing bacteria (MPB). The quantity of sulfate removed increased with increasing LA dosage. Approximately 1375  mg/L (92%) sulfate was removed in cultures fed with high concentrations of LA (1000  mg/L), which was 68% more than that removed in glucose and sulfate controls. The quantity of sulfate removed in cultures fed with 100, 300, 500 and 700  mg/L LA were 62%, 66%, 77%, and 84%, respectively. Initial sulfate degradation rates increased with increasing LA levels in the cultures. High LA levels (1000  mg/L) attributed to approximately a sevenfold increase in the initial sulfate degradation rates compared to cultures containing sulfate plus glucose. The highest initial sulfate removal rate (0·19  µg/(mgVSS  min)) was observed in cultures receiving 1000  mg/L LA. Initial glucose degradation rates decreased with increasing LA concentrations. The rates for the cultures receiving 1000  mg/L LA were 2·53  µg/(mgVSS  min) while the degradation rate for cultures containing 100  mg/L LA was 5·40  µg/(mgVSS  min). Methane formation decreased when sulfate and LA were added. Methane formation was lowest in cultures receiving elevated LA concentrations. The percent electron flow fluxes increased towards sulfidogenesis and decreased towards methanogenesis with increasing LA levels. Less than 0·6% electron flow was diverted to methanogenesis in cultures containing high levels of LA (≥700  mg/L) while ≤ 45% was diverted to sulfidogenesis. Acetate and propionate were the major volatile fatty acids (VFAs) detected during glucose degradation. The amount of sulfate reduced in the cultures receiving only LA or sulfate and no other carbon source was comparable (approximately 10%), which suggests that LA did not contribute to electrons during the course of experiment for sulfate reduction.

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Understanding distribution of soil organic carbon and nitrogen in soil profile is important for assessing soil fertility and soil carbon dynamics. However, little is known about their distribution in soil depth below 30cm in Nepal. In this context, this research was carried out in 2019 to determine the Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) and Total Nitrogen (TN) in 0-10 cm, 11-30 cm and 31-60 cm depths of soil profile at forest and grassland in Kotila community forest, Jajarkot, Nepal. Overall field measurement was based on national standard protocols. Three replicates of soil pit from forest and grassland were dug for soil sample collection. Approximately 100 g soil sample from each soil layer was collected and taken to laboratory for SOC analysis. Separate soil samples, one sample from each soil layer were collected with the help of a metal soil corer having volume 245.22cm3 to quantify bulk density. Forest has 25.42 ton/ha SOC stock and 3.28 ton/ha TN stock up to 60 cm soil depth. Likewise, Grassland has 21.19 ton/ha SOC stock and 3.14 ton/ha TN stock up to 60cm soil depth. However, these values are not significantly different at 5 % level of significance. The SOC and TN were decreased with increased soil depths, though not significantly different at 5 % level of significance. The C:N ratio was found higher in forest than grassland. It is concluded that SOC and TN do not vary significantly between forest and grassland. Topsoil contains more SOC, TN, and C:N ratio, so the management practices should focus on maintaining inputs of soil organic matter in the forest and grassland.

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